Good Versus Evil in Lord of the Flies by William Golding ...

Good vs. Evil Many years ago, Charles Darwin introduced a theory that we humans are a species which evolved from animals that have inhabited the Earth for many years, and he believed that we were civilized, intelligent, and logical life forms for these very reasons. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding there is a prominent theme of good versus evil which reveals that maybe humans are not the civilized human beings that they were said to be. William Golding carefully netted this theme with his utilization of literary device such as his symbolism. Golding uses this simple story of English boys stranded on an inhabited island to illustrate how destructive humans can be when implanted in a impoverished environment where they†¦show more content†¦He is always helping the Littluns when they are struggling and many other boys that are vulnerable such as Piggy. Simon sitting between the twins and Piggy, wiped his mouth and shoved his piece of meat over the rocks to pig gy, who grabbed it (Golding 74). This quote interprets an example of Simon showing his whole heartedness by giving Piggy food when Jack did not want to feed him because he did not hunt. The vast majority of people reside prominently in civilized society, and they dismiss their instinct for aggression and dominance (Wood, Bryan). This quote shows that people like Simon are always more civilized than those who begin to change into savages, Simon is the last piece of civilization on the island. What I mean is...maybe its only us (Golding 89). Simon, himself, proposes to the rest of the boys that perhaps the beast is not only an external force, but an internal force within themselves. Simon is the only character to reveal Goldings point that innate human evil exists. Golding shows evil within humans through Jack. Jack symbolizes cruel political leaders such as Castro and Hitler. He is the leader of the hunters, but the first time they find a pig he is not able to kill it. Jack not being able to kill the pig showed that he was still civilized, but later obsessing over the pig he transformed into a savage. William Golding through Jacks character showed that everyone is born good and evil, butShow MoreRelated Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesLord of the Flies by William Golding Lord of the flies was written by William Golding in 1954. It is an enthralling, book that explores the concept of the behaviour of man when he is exempt from society. Golding achieves this by stranding a group of British schoolboys on a secluded island, in the midst of a war. Throughout this period the boys evolve from being civilised and let savagery take over. This book is well written and effectively presents the theme of the story: the evil thatRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1389 Words   |  6 PagesA response to Lord Of The Flies Imagine an airplane crash. The heat of flames scorch passengers’ backs in addition to the wind burning their faces. Lucky, this crash was over water and near an island so most passengers survive, with an exception of the airplane staff and the pilot. Even though alive, many are in fits of fear and panic, and others are in shock. After hurried deliberation, a lone member of the group is elected leader in hopes that they will calm the panic, and make the hard, but necessaryRead MoreThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding1306 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Lord of the Flies, William Golding creates a microcosm that appears to be a utopia after he discharged from the British Royal Navy following World War II. After an emergency landing, Golding places a diverse group of boys on the island that soon turns out to be anything but utopia. The island the boys are on turns out to be an allegorical dystopia with inadequate conditions (Bryfonski 22). The boys reject all lessons they learn ed from their prior British society, and they turn towards theirRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1271 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy to unruly boys at Bishop Wordsworth’s School, Golding abandoned his profession to join the Royal Navy and fight in World War II. Golding has said of the war, â€Å"I began to see what people were capable of doing. Anyone who moved through those years without understanding that man produces evil as a bee produces honey, must have been blind or wrong in the head† (â€Å"William Golding†). Written in the early 1950’s in Salisbury, England, Lord of the Flies depicts an allegory for World War II which allowsRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1745 Words   |  7 Pages1954 novel, Lord of the Flies by Nobel Prize-winner William Golding is a dystopian allegory indicative of vast aspects of the human condition. Set in the midst of a nuclear war, the text details a group of marooned British school boys as they regress to a primitive state. Free from the rules and structures of civilisation and society, the boys split into factions - some attempting to maintain order and achieve common goals; others seeking anarchy and violence. The novel is based on Golding’s experienceRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1540 Words   |  7 Pagesviews of the concept of â€Å"good versus evil†. British author William Golding wrote his novel, Lord of the Flies, during this time and it reflects this uneasy atmosphere. The character development, along with the carefully chosen symbolism of the novel suggests that Golding wrote Lord of the Flies as an allegory to the people and events of the Cold War, but also to present his future predictions for the Cold War; both of these exhibit the views of the concept of â€Å"good versus evil† prevalent at the timeRead MoreCivilization Versus Savagery in Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Lord of th e Flies† was written by William Golding to demonstrate the problems of society and the sinful nature of man. Golding uses symbols, characters and objects to represent his main ideas and themes. The conch was used to call meetings but is also symbolic of the government structure and power. One of the main themes in the novel â€Å"Civilization vs. Savagery† is fought between two egos, Jack the Id who represents savagery and the desire for power and Ralph the Ego and protagonistRead MoreA Comparison of Lord of the Flies by William Golding to Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1602 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Lord of the Flies by William Golding to Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad Works Cited Missing I compared the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding to Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. The novelsRead MoreHow Does Golding Present the Theme of Good Versus Evil in the Novel Lord of the Flies?3069 Words   |  13 PagesHow does Golding present the theme of good versus evil in the novel Lord of the Flies? William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies is at first impression a dramatic adventure story about a group of boys stranded on an island, whilst being evacuated from a war-torn world. However to the perceptive reader a more meaningful level of Goldings Lord of the Flies emerges. The novel is designed as an allegory; to a get a warning across to mankind about what Golding called the Essential sicknessRead MoreOrder Versus Chaos in Lord of the Flies1198 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of a true, wise friend called Piggy† (Golding 225). In William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, he uses the theme of order versus chaos to show that good has the capacity to become evil. It starts with the boys’ beginnings on the island, to the breakdown of their society, to the tragedies that unfold their civilization. The boys are victims of a deteriorating civilization that turns them into

Eating Disorders - 1137 Words

The modeling industry has taken a toll on young girls across the world today. Models, magazines, television even the radio advertise thin is in. Because of this girls feel pressured that they need to look a certain way in order to look good. People need to start realizing that you can be curvy and still look excellent. Society needs to urge the fashion industry and media to stop portraying the perfect skinny, toothpick image because it is causing a huge array of health related problems to woman around the world. The modeling industry finally had a wake-up call after models were dying of eating disorders. Luisel Ramos, for example, was just starting out her modeling career and she was told that if she lost some weight she could make†¦show more content†¦People everywhere especially young girls, and women look at magazines and dream to one day look like the models in the pictures. They do this because thin, beautiful women are what they are used to seeing everywhere. There are rarely advertisements with curvy, real looking women on them. Plus size models are also scarce and compared to the ultra skinny models, they are not looked up to. What is happening to society? Size  ¾ is no longer considered thin. There are double zeros and negative sizes that are taking over the clothing racks. Changes need to be made with the media and the fashion industry immediately. The rampage of being so thin that your rib cage is clearly seen and you suffer from many health issues is not in. Thin is not in! Healthy, real looking girls and women who are happy with their figures is whats in. Being active and enjoying a normal lifestyle is in. There is no need to conform to the so called perfect body image when there truly is not one. Psychologists say the fashion industry has gone too far in pushing dangerously thin image in that women and even young girls try to imitate. In recent surveys 40% of first, second, and third graders want to be thinner. 80% of ten year olds are concerned that they will become fat. 50% of children ages eight through ten are unhappy with their current size and more than 50% of nine through fifteen year olds say that they exercise to lose weight and reduceShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

Boundary Law in Ontario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2715 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Social Essay Did you like this example? Contents Boundary law in Ontario Benefits of a Mathematical Co-Ordinate based Cadastre Characteristics of Boundary Law in Other Jurisdictions References Boundary law in Ontario The word boundary means a line that cannot be crossed. This line could be a tangible one or a non-tangible one. Our world is all about boundaries. Boundaries are what keep the human race civilized and organized. (Kaufmann Steudler, 1998) There are quite a few boundaries set by the law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" discussed and adopted by the citizens or the representative of the people. The boundaries for land reservation are set for various reasons. It could be to protect people from damage during disasters or it could be to avert certain areas to be left construction free. The problem arises when the definition of a boundary varies because of the kind or the principle of the boundary it really is and refer to. The boundary law of Ontario has quite a few aspects that need to be considered before it follows the trend of a mathematical coordinate based cadaster. One of the issues, that needs reflection on is that whether it is technically plausible. Can a coordinates only structure re ally be put in place? The control monuments, datum adjustments,technical capacity, stability of the earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and the accuracy[PS1]standards can be put under one umbrella. According to a report written by Dr. Brian Ballantyneon the technical, social and legal implications of using coordinates-only to define boundaries the[PS2] earlier traditional survey practices used to entail dense monumentation. Trying to reduce the chances[PS3] of errors and keeping in sight the technical limitations what happened was that there were[PS4] monuments being founded in every 200 to 800[PS5] meters in urban areas[PS6] . The hindsight of this decision was that there were severalvast provincial networks encompassing tens of thousands of points of varying degrees of accuracy[PS7]. Now with the GPS receivers in use it would seem that there would be more[PS8] clarity and better results however the it is only possible to accurately survey baselines up to 20-30[PS9] kilome ters. If the distance goes above 30 kilometers, several factors are still to consider like the satellite geometry, which must be ideal. (Four Point Learning, 2014) The report furthergoes on to say that[PS10]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a co-ordinate based cadastre, referenced to NAD83 (CSRS), could be initiated under the present configuration. Unfortunately, if there is no further densification of control monuments based in NAD83 (CSRS), the distance between monuments may preclude or limit the use of traditional survey methods[PS11].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is common knowledge that Canada is given in to horizontal displacement of the crust. The rate at which this displacement happens varies throughout the country. If there areboundaries marked with monuments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" there will be a[PS12]constantdeformation over time[PS13]. There have been many studies in New Zealand on the same and most of themconclude that coordinates cannot be definitive without modeling the dynamics of both the[ PS14]cadasterand the coordinate system[PS15]. (Four Point Learning, 2014) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Boundary Law in Ontario" essay for you Create order Benefits of a Mathematical Co-Ordinate based Cadastre There are a few benefits of the mathematical co-ordinate based cadaster as well. All these well- integrated surveys do represent an intermediate conceptual step[PS16] which is present between the use of monuments and the use of coordinates-only[PS17], indeed as monumented boundaries are integrated to close tolerances within a spatial reference system[PS18]. The best part here is that the coordinates, which are derived for the locations of the monuments, can then be used as[PS19] further evidence in re-establishing the monuments[PS20]. It is also evident that integrated surveys are already the norm in many parts of many provinces, and serve to provide properly geo-referenced data for use in cadastral mapping and[PS21] prominent in land information systems[PS22]. (Elfick, 2006) It is eveident that boundaries have typically, but not always, followed a three-part process[PS23] with subsets of coming into being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are[PS24] in fact actually defined by the party[P S25] (which means Crown in earlier age and landowner in recent time) who has legal rights in the land; they are demarcated on the ground by a surveyor[PS26](which can be posts, pins, bars, mounds, pits); they are described on plans and maps.The use of coordinates is predicated on[PS27]removing demarcation or divisionfrom the process[PS28]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which meansthe boundary is[PS29]firstdefined and then[PS30]described. To be clear and appropriate:defining boundaries using only coordinates means that monuments are not placed in the ground to mark the boundaries[PS31]. One should accept thataccess to cadastral coordinates which are linked to an accurate, distortion-free reference frame such as NAD83 (Canada Spatial Reference System[PS32]). This system compelledto employ adjustment and measuring methodology[PS33]by surveyors. (Elfick, 2006) It is not to reduce[PS34] or lesser the importance of environmental, social or economic data in a statewide land information system, but t o suggest that from a practical point of view, the development of a broad land information system will be more politically and economically justified if designed around a juridical cadastre in the early stages. There are some[PS35]evidentcases,however, when this[PS36]areaparcel is not suitable and it must be divided into smaller units[PS37]which too forthe benefits of[PS38]public interests.This is usually for valuation, assessment, or rating (fiscal) purposes or for land use classification[PS39]. It also limits the boundary of public to certain area or parcel which ultimately create hindrances in their life. One of theprime importance is that the basis of the cadastre is land parcels; not buildings, people or any other criteria[PS40]which indeed a very goos sign and methodology. In this cadastre, every parcel of land in the state or jurisdiction must be displayed[PS41] and presented on the maps and included in the respective registers. Ideally, this would include all state owned parcels including reserves, parks, roads, and unalienated land, if applicable[PS42]. All these are dynamic in nature and are continually updated and the contents of the registers should be public, within reasonable limits. It must be available to all government authorities[PS43]. One well-known fact is Fiscal cadastres were developed[PS44] and established to raise revenue through taxation of land, whereas juridical cadastres were developed to record ownership and all other legal interests in land[PS45]. Characteristics of Boundary Law in Other Jurisdictions There are in fact characteristics of boundary law in other jurisdictions as well that do define legal boundaries by co-ordinates there and assist in receiving the required and effective responses just like boundary and survey law. In addition, yes, to certain extend all these are similar. (Ballantyne, Khan, Conyers, 1999) The cadastral surveys[PS46] or structure, which supports these activities, is often controlled by land registry personnel who either have a legal or clerical background[PS47]. Such people in facttend to have[PS48]lessknowledgeable interest in cadastral surveying and mappIng[PS49]. In some jurisdictions[PS50]we have witnessed thatthere has been a sense of mistrust and[PS51]evennon-cooperation between the government departments administering the conveyancing and subdivision process and the personnel responsible for maintaining the cadastral survey system[PS52]. The cadastral surveying system is primarily concerned with supporting a secure land registration system, which is[PS53] definitely not a cadastral mapping system. Most of the emphasis[PS54] here is concerned with maintaining a high standard for each individual[PS55], which is isolated survey. Due to the high professional and technical standards of the surveyors and lawyers in most common law jurisdictions, secure conveyancing and land registration systems have developed[PS56]. (Williamson) Whereas most land registration systems, in common law countries result in a reasonably secure system for registering and[PS57] focusing interests in land, in their present form those systems usually are not designed to support an efficient land administration system integrated between a number of departments[PS58]. In general, all these systems are concerned only with an individual dealings on individual parcels, treated in isolation from other parcels in the system[PS59]. In addition, the central theme of[PS60] all these systems is to support a land market based on the[PS61] user pays principle. It is not designed to support the broader needs of government nor the land administration system[PS62]. (Ballantyne, Khan, Conyers, 1999) To name a few, Utility authorities, local government[PS63], and other departments responsible for valuation all have a need for a cadastral base map with the associated property records. Due to the non-existence of such a system at a central government level[PS64] at first hand, the individual authorities have tended to develop their own systems. Since many of these authorities are statutory and[PS65] self-funding,they have often been in a better position to introduce modern systems, albeit designed solely for their own purposes, than central government. This has particularly been the case for many utility and local government authorities who have consequently introduced[PS66] state-of-the-art computer systems. In a sense, each authority establishes its own small cadastral system[PS67]. One distinction between most European and common law jurisdictions is that in the latter the[PS68] legislative systems to support the alienation of land, and the transferring and recording of propri etary interests in land, came before the establishment of any fiscal systems. These quasi-legal systems have always been central to land administration in common law countries. Fiscal systems have been a more recent development. They usually have a secondary role in the land administration system and often have little or no links with the legal system. They have often developed their own mapping system and their own form of parcel[PS69]. (Williamson) References Ballantyne, B., Khan, K., Conyers, T. (1999). COORDINATES IN CONTEXT:TECHNICAL, SOCIAL LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF USING COORDINATES-ONLY TO DEFINE BOUNDARIES . Ontario: Canadian Council on Geomatics . Elfick, M. (2006). Cadastaral Surveyors Time To Go Forward Digitally And Coordinate Accurately. Geodata Information Systems , 4-7. Four Point Learning. (2014). Property Records- Land Registration- Conventional Boundries. Ontario: Four Point Learning. Kaufmann, J., Steudler, D. (1998). Cadastre 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A Vision for a Future Cadastral System. Switzerland: RÃÆ' ¼dlingen and Bern. Williamson, I. CADASTRES AND LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN . New South Wales: University of New South Wales . [PS1]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS2]Possible sources: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 https://www.acls-aatc.ca/en/node/261 [PS3]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS4]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS5]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS6]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS7]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS8]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS9]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS10]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS11]Possible sour ce: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS12]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS13]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS14]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS15]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS16]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS17]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS18]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS19]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS20]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS21]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS22]Possible source: https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf [PS23]Possible sources: https://hydrography. ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS24]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS25]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS26]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS27]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS28]Possible source: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf [PS29]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www. profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS30]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS31]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS32]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.acls-aatc.ca/files/english/Coordinates.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS33]Possible sources: https://hydrography.ca/assets/files/2008conference/session_2B/2B-3_Ballantyne.pdf https://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=2138 [PS34]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS35]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_Ca dCommonLaw.pdf [PS36]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS37]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS38]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS39]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS40]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS41]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS42]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS43]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS44]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS45]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.un 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https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS56]Possible sources: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf https://www.legaladvice.com.au/?page=conveyancing-law-lawyers [PS57]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS58]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS59]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS60]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS61]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS62]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS63]Possible source: https://csdila.ie.unimelb.edu.au/publication/journals/ipw_85_CadCommonLaw.pdf [PS64]Possible source: 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Harmful Women Stereotypes Essay - 975 Words

The wide ranging harmful representations of women have now achieved a new level in popular culture. Every medium (television, movies, magazines, games) has the problems of their own of depicting women. Whereas there are various other issues related to the way women are repented for viewers, for the purposes of this essay it is useful to explore gender stereotypes and negative depiction of women in movies, which also include overly sexualized and unrealistic images in movies. All together these issues shore up the idea of portraying women negatively which results in erroneous representation of women by oneself and cultures as well. Movies are widely viewed medium around the globe and thus, have a huge effect on the way women perceive†¦show more content†¦These stereotyped perceptions of what women are like is hardly true, yet even comedy movies depicting women, especially Rebecca (1940) further solidify the view that women are single-minded and unable to think or act outside narrowly defined and culturally coded behavior. An ‘unordinary’ woman, who is focused on living alone and have different priorities than a married one, would likely to deem herself as something out of the ‘ordinary’ because that’s not what real women are like. Thus, this forms a concept in young females that one has to married as per the social norm to be considered feminine. Movies can confine women in many ways, whether it is villainous psychotic role or representing as sex objects. Consider how â€Å"the impossibly busty body of Laura Croft, the female protagonist of Tomb Raider, can be viewed nude on certain websites. The notion behind this is that these harmful stereotyped representations can damage the overall image inside younger generations and change their perception of (Norris, 2004). Laura Croft is the result of the imagination of someone yet that doesn’t make her any less as an idol and is believed to be perfect in every sense. Young males consider her as someone with whom they want other girls to look the same. On the other hand, teenage females think it is very hard to achieve the similar figure and personality as of the protagonist. 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Building Envelope - 9025 Words

Introduction The Building Envelope is the area that separates conditioned space from unconditioned space or the outdoors. A building envelope includes all elements of a building that enclose conditioned space. Building envelope components separate conditioned spaces from unconditioned spaces or from outside air. For example, walls and doors between living areas are part of the building envelope; walls separating a garage from the living areas are not. Besides that, floors of conditioned basements and foundation are technically part of the building envelope. Roof and ceiling also can consider as building envelope. You can think of the building envelope as the boundary separating the inside from the outside and through which heat is†¦show more content†¦The piles are then interconnected with a rigid system of strip-raft to ensure uniform settlement profile and distribution of loads. The stability of this foundation is able use to resist seismic matter. 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Evaluating Consequences of an Environmental †Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Evaluating Consequences of an Environmental. Answer: Introduction: Spodoptera frugiperda is the larval stage of the fall armyworm moth and is considered to be a highly dangerous pest for the crops if adequate actions are taken to minimize its multiplication. The species name frugiperda is derived from the Latin word meaning lost or destroyed fruit, and very fittingly with the name, this pest is known to wreck havoc on its host destroying the crop completely. It is considered to be the cosmopolitan pest of the maize crop, and this particular crop feeds on all the growth stages of the host plant; however this pest is most frequently seen in the whorl of the young plants that are up to 45 days old (Hernndez-Rodrguez et al., 2013). The fall armyworm or Spodoptera frugiperda is native to the tropical regions of the Western hemisphere, the demographical origin ranging from United States to the Argentina. The pest can successfully overwinter in the USA, however just in the Southern Florida and Southern Texas. Although, the fall armyworm is a strong flier and easily overcomes long distances during summer months towards all the states that are situated east of the Rocky Mountains. However, the pest is considered as a regular and serious pest in the south-eastern states. Aside from the America, the pest was reported in west and central Africa in 1916 for the first time, it threatens Africa and Europe as well now (Bernardi et al., 2015). The feeding habit of Spodoptera frugiperda consists of mainly small grain crops and grasses, and the host range of the species is up to 80 different species. The most common host for this pest is the sweet corn or maize, and long with that sorghum, bermundagrass are considerable preferences of the pest as well. Along with that the fall armyworm also favours the grass weeds such as crabgrass, Digitaria. The field crop reported with fall armyworm invasion are alfalfa, barley, Bermudagrass, buckwheat, cotton, clover, corn, oat, millet, peanut, rice, ryegrass, sorghum, sugarbeet, Sudangrass, soybean, sugarcane, timothy, tobacco, and wheat. And the vegetable crop hosts of the pest include apple, grape, orange, papaya, peach, strawberry and a number of flowers as well (Bernardi et al., 2015). Biology and ecology of S. Frugiperda: frugiperda are very similar in shape and size to other regular moths belonging to the cutworm family, the moths are greyish in colour and their wingspan is about 1.5 inches. The pest lays eggs in clusters of 50 or more, always in a layer like linear style attached to the foliage, the colour of the eggs are gray and are dome shaped. Scales, grayish in colour are scattered over the egg mass by the female moth giving the egg mass a moldy or hairy appearance. The newly hatched larvae are pale green in appearance and have black coloured heads, and the young larvae feed near the surface of the ground and after about a week they move up to the corn plants and feed on the foliage and leave tissues except the vein and midriff (de Souza Tavares et al., 2013). The fully grown larvae are 1.25 to 1.5 inches long and the body colour vary from pale green to black depending on the stage of maturation, and they have reddish brown heads. Fall armyworms also have inverted Y shaped black tubercles with hairs attached all over arrayed all throughout the body. The pest pupates in the soil and the pupae have smooth leathery appearance and are reddish brown to dark brown in colour. The pests are migratory in nature and their ecological behaviour varies extensively depending on the seasonal factors and their maturation stage (de Souza Tavares et al., 2013). Damages and symptoms: The larvae of the pest S. Frugiperda causes damage to the host plant by consuming. The young larvae initially feed on the leaf tissues on one side, while leaving the opposite side epidermal layer completely intact. As the larvae move toward second or third instar, they start making holes in the leaves and begin feeding inwards from the edge of the leaves, which in turn generates the characteristic row of punctures in the leaves. As the larvae grow older they cause excessive defoliation, leaving out only the ribs and stalks of the corn plants, giving the plant a ragged and torn appearance. The adult moth of Spodoptera frugiperda are very similar to other genera of cutworm, however it can be recognized by the distinct dark veins and the orbicular stigma. In case of the larvae of the S. Frugiperda, the distinctive feature is the Y shaped mark in the top of the head, and the larvae feed both in the day and in the night unlike any other kind of armyworm larvae. The prevalence of the pest and the proximity of the of the host species decide the density of the invasiveness of the pest (Hernndez-Rodrguez et al., 2013). Studies suggest that up to 34% of the yield reduction in the corn yield all through America is due to fall armyworm hence it can be considered that the invasiveness of the pest is considerably high. As S. Frugiperda has cannibalistic feeding habit the larvae density decreases in the whorl feeding stage for the older or adult larvae and the extent of damage escalates. Authors suggest that the relation between the stage of invasion and the reduction in yield follo w a complex mechanism, and different factors like soil fertility, favourable climate and cultivar variety play an important role. However, in the year 2017, the fall armyworm invested extensive corn fields of the southern Africa that indicates at the extreme invasiveness of the pest (Roel et al., 2010). Population Ecology: Life history of S. Frugiperda: The life cycle of S. frugiperda is completed within 30 days in the summer, however during the months spring and autumn, the time frame increases to 80 and 90 days in the winters. The adult moth lays close to 1500 eggs, however the number of eggs varies . The egg stage lasts for only two to three days during the summer upon arrival to the new field (Storer et al., 2010). After the egg stage there are 6 instars, the larvae stage lasts for 14 days for the summer months and 30 days in the winter. Past the maturation stage, the pupation starts normally within the soil, the depth of which ranges between 2 to 8 cm. The cocoon is ranges from 20 to 30 mm in length and the size of the pupa is 14 to 18 mm in length and 4.5 mm in width. The pupal stage extends for 20 to 30 days, however ion case of summer it can be completed within 9 days. The adult moths live for 10 days in average, however it can vary between 7 to 21 days, depending on when the preoviposition and oviposition occurs (Storer et al., 2012). r/K selection theory: There are many management models for the management of the pest a d minimizing the damage that the pest can import on the crops. One of these management tools can be the r/K selection theory. It is widely used for the comparison of the plant pathogen life strategies, in the parasitic phase. Plant pathogens are generally r-selected, however the formula depends on the evolution of the species in two generalized directions. The formula states, in case of NB population, r is the maximum growth rate and K is the carrying capacity of the environment with dN/dt denotes the derivative of N with respect to time t. Fall armyworm is a r selected pathogen (Tavares et al., 2010). Ecologically based plant management: It is basically a decision making framework that allows the cultivator to improve the management of invasive plant species. This management tool has 5 steps, the first step is the range and health assessment, the second step is the identification of the cause of the invasion, the step three is the use of principles to guide the decision making, the fourth step is to choose appropriate tools for the principle strategizing and the fifth stage is the design and the execution of the plan. It can be a potent management tool for the management of fall armyworm for the corn species (von Mrey et al., 2012). Conclusion: In a concluding note, it can be said that fall armyworm is a highly invasive and highly damaging pest species which has known to cause huge yield loss in the years and with the distribution of this species vastly wide spread, every year the pest causes close to 30 % of reduction of yield. The management tools like EBMP and biological and chemical control methods are the potent tool for the pest management of this pest and the restoring the crop yield at a large extent. References: Bernardi, D., Salmeron, E., Horikoshi, R. J., Bernardi, O., Dourado, P. M., Carvalho, R. A., ... Omoto, C. (2015). Cross-resistance between Cry1 proteins in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) may affect the durability of current pyramided Bt maize hybrids in Brazil.PLoS One,10(10), e0140130. de Souza Tavares, W., de Sousa Freitas, S., Grazziotti, G. H., Parente, L. M. L., Lio, L. M., Zanuncio, J. C. (2013). Ar-turmerone from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes and effects on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Industrial crops and products,46, 158-164. Desneux, N., Ramrez-Romero, R., Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., Bernal, J. S. (2010). Attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to host (Spodoptera frugiperda) frass is affected by transgenic maize.Ecotoxicology,19(7), 1183-1192. Hernndez-Rodrguez, C. S., Hernndez-Martnez, P., Van Rie, J., Escriche, B., Ferr, J. (2013). Shared midgut binding sites for Cry1A. 105, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis in two important corn pests, Ostrinia nubilalis and Spodoptera frugiperda.PloS one,8(7), e68164. Jakka, S. R. K., Knight, V. R., Jurat-Fuentes, J. L. (2014). Fitness costs associated with field-evolved resistance to Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Journal of Economic Entomology,107(1), 342-351. Roel, A. R., Dourado, D. M., Matias, R., Porto, K. R., Bednaski, A. V., Costa, R. B. D. (2010). The effect of sub-lethal doses of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) oil on the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae).Revista Brasileira de Entomologia,54(3), 505-510. Signoretti, A. G. C., Peaflor, M. F. G. V., Bento, J. M. S. (2012). Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), female moths respond to herbivore-induced corn volatiles.Neotropical entomology,41(1), 22-26. Storer, N. P., Babcock, J. M., Schlenz, M., Meade, T., Thompson, G. D., Bing, J. W., Huckaba, R. M. (2010). Discovery and characterization of field resistance to Bt maize: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico.Journal of economic entomology,103(4), 1031-1038. Storer, N. P., Kubiszak, M. E., King, J. E., Thompson, G. D., Santos, A. C. (2012). Status of resistance to Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda: lessons from Puerto Rico.Journal of invertebrate pathology,110(3), 294-300. Tavares, W. S., Costa, M. A., Cruz, I., Silveira, R. D., Serro, J. E., Zanuncio, J. C. (2010). 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Program Planning and Evaluation in Public Health †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Program Planning and Evaluation in Public Health. Answer: Introduction: This evaluation plan has been developed for the drug testing trial. In this evaluation plan, question raised during evaluation and methods useful to address these questions will be mentioned. 5000 new participants of the Newstart and Youth Allowance will be recruited for the drug testing in two year trial. Dr. X is chief investigator for this programme and he will manage overall conduct of the project, collect and analyse data and write reports. Mr. A and Mr. B are the external consultants and they will provide advice on research design. There should be accountability of the welfare payments. Drug addiction is mainly responsible for the unemployment and crime. A lot of work is required to reduce the unemployment and crime. In this trial, if people refuse to take trial, they will be fined with penalty. People with positive test for the first time will be offered cashless card and those tested positive in the later stages will be kept on the drug treatment with their own responsivity. Evaluation of this trial is required because drug abuse is keeping people away from getting jobs and halting their income source. Behavioural change is the important aspect for the people with drug addiction (Stead et al., 2017). Drug testing welfare recipients trials were performed in many countries, however this trial will be implemented here with new innovative approaches (Midford, 2010). This project will have three objectives. First objective of this project is to assess people with drug use and provide support to them. Second objective of this project is to provide training to health and social workers for counselling to people with drug use. Third objective of this project is to educate people with drug use. This education will be useful in improving their understanding about negative impacts of drug use (Doi et al., 2015). This two year project is expected to have following outputs: 5000 participants, 30 drug testing locations, 30 counselling sessions, Generation of 3500 jobs. Drug testing welfare recipients programmes will be aimed at appointing one single point contact for each of three locations. This person will have expertise in the drug testing trial. This person will be having responsibility of drug testing and analysing the results. Another three persons will be working in coordination with other stakeholders those are responsible for providing cashless debit cards and planning of jobs for jobseekers (Perlmutter et al., 2017). This project will be monitored and guided by the steering committee comprising of professionals from various communities, those who faced welfare drug testing trial. To identify learning outcomes of healthcare and social workers while working with the people with drug abuse. To obtain sustainable solutions for people with drug use and unemployment. To implement good practices in welfare drug testing trial. To bring behavioural change in the people with drug addiction. To eliminate drug addiction as the barrier to employment. Key evaluation questions adapted for this programme based on the aims and objectives of the programme. Key evaluation questions which will be answered in this evaluation will be related to model, people education, people drug tests and outcomes of the programme for people with drug use. What aspects of the adapted model will be effective in the improving behavioural, financial and employment condition of the people with drug use ? To what extent has the programme improved behavioural, financial and sustainable employment condition of the people with drug use ? Which training events will be implementing ? To what extent these training events are helpful in providing education to the people ? Which are the drug tests used and what is validity of these drug tests ? Outcomes of the programme: What are the characteristics of the people enrolled in the drug testing welfare? What outcomes will be evident in the people enrolled in the drug testing welfare? Methodology: Meeting aims and objectives: This study will answer evaluation questions using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Aims Objectives Research methods To identify learning outcomes of healthcare and social workers while working with the people with drug abuse. What aspects of the adapted model will be effective in the improving behavioural, financial and employment condition of the people with drug use ? Interviews with people, compilation of the data and analysis of data (Kanicka et al., 2013). To what extent has the programme improved behavioural, financial and sustainable employment condition of the people with drug use? What are the factors which facilitate or hinder implementation of the model? Evaluation of project cost against project outcome. Analysis of the total cost provided by the Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance against people outcome. Lessons regarding people education Which training events were implemented? Collection of data regarding training events with training certificate as proof. To what extent these training events are helpful in providing education to the people ? Online survey for benefits of training to the people (Gripenberg et al., 2011). Preliminary outcome of the project for the people. Which are the drug tests used and what is validity of these drug tests ? Documentation of the standard operating procedures used for carrying out tests. Documentation of validation data for each test at each drug testing centre. To implement good practices in welfare drug testing trial. Client satisfaction Interview with minimum 100 clients about their experience of the project. Client outcome Compilation of the data clients left drug use and get employment opportunity. Health and social worker experiences. Interview with the project staff (Ezard et al., 2016) Conceptual framework: This study will involve interviews of health and social workers and interviews of selected clients of the programme and analysis of the data. The collected information will meet the criteria of programme theory approach and it will identify : Contribution of human, organisational and community resources involved in the programme and planned activities. Activities or programme resources support for the contributors in the form of processes, events and actions. Outcome of the programme activities in the form of amount of work accomplished and number of people enrolled in the study. Outcome in the form of benefits to the enrolled people. Inputs Activities Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance policy and plan Resources and Funds, People with drug use, Drug testing providers, Health and social workers. Programme planning and management, Programme delivery, Analysis and compilation of data, Facilitators and barriers for implementation of programme. Outcomes Outputs Reduced taxpayers use of money for illicit drug purchase, Improved behavioural aspects of participants. Number participants refrained from drug use, Number of participants received cashless credit cards, Number of participants improved in job qualities. Logic models will be implemented in establishing relationship between resources, activities, outputs and outcomes and to assess presence of each element. Assessment of each of these elements will be beneficial in the evaluating these elements in actual practice as compared to the intentions of the programme. It will also clarify interactions among individuals, practice, service and other resources. Phase 1 : First phase will comprise of literature review, which will be useful in the conceptual frame-work of the Drug testing for welfare. Data from the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC) analyses will be used for the selection of location for drug testing trial. Profiling tool will be used to identify people with high risk of drug use. In this phase, ethical approval will be taken from the Human Research Ethics Committee and resources will be made available for the next phases. Phase 2 : In phase 2, health and social workers will collect data at baseline for enrolled participants. This data will be in the form of employment status and drug use. This data will be entered in the excel sheet and it will be used at the end of the study for comparison with obtained data. This data will be present in the form of case management tool for health, wellbeing, financial status and employment status of the individual. This data will be stored in the form of case study description along with the identification of each individual client. Next phase will be enrolment of the participants for the drug testing. Drug testing will be performed on random basis with Department of Human Services (DHS) appointments. Easy drug tests will be used and in cases of positive test confirmatory tests will be performed in the form of follow-up test. After getting results of the drug testing, participants will be segregated in two categories like positive and negative for the drug testing. Participants with positive drug testing will be provided with cashless cards. Cashless cards will be helpful in stopping cash flow for the purchase of drugs. It will be helpful for preventing use of taxpayers money for the purchase of illicit drugs (Worley et al., 2017). After the completion of the drug testing, counselling will be provided to the participants to refrain from drug use and to provide training in the job activities. Motivational speeches, information about adverse health impacts of drugs, social impact and financial impact will be included in the counselling to refrain from the drug (Jena et al., 2014; Cousins et al., 2011). Training in the job activities will be in the form of communication skills, the ability to work effectively with others, and reliability (Subramaniam et al., 2017; Modayil et al., 2010). Measures of effectiveness: Outcome Comparison groups Explanation Positive and negative test for drug use. At baseline and at the end of the project. Counselling and financial assistance can reduce drug consumption. Communication skills, efficiency in job and reliability at workplace. At baseline and at the end of the project. Counselling and motivation can improve these job qualities in job seekers with drug use (Subramaniam et al., 2017). Improvement in the financial condition of the participants. At baseline and at the end of the project. Improvement in the financial condition can reduce substance use (Park et al., 2010) Phase 3: After the completion of counselling, participants will be randomly selected for the drug testing for evaluating decrease in the drug use (Moeller et al., 2017). Participants will be evaluated for the behavioural changes and improvement in the job activities. This data will be collected by face-to-face interview of participants by health and social workers of the programme. Health and social workers of the programme will be asked about their experience in providing service, benefits for the participants, barriers for the implementation and barriers for outcome (Fitzgerald et al., 2015). Evaluation timetable: Activity Month Ethical approval Jan. 2018 Literature review Jan. 2018 Collection of resources Feb. 2018 Phase 1 Mar. 2018 Phase 2 Jan. 2019 Phase 3 Oct. 2019 Compilation of report Dec. 2019 Deliverables: This project will have two main deliverables like draft and final report. In addition to this, three progress reports will be there. Reports will be summarise following aspects: Phase 1: Update on the project plan, literature review and ethical approval. Phase 2: Data collection framework, procedure and schedule for drug testing, plan for cashless card distribution and plan for counselling and training for the participants. Phase 3 : Data collection for the decrease in drug use, plan for participants interviews and plan for interviews of health and social workers. Draft report will include: An executive summary, Brief literature review, Methodology, Evaluation of participants outcome in terms of drug testing, behavioural change and improvements in the job activities, Analysis of financial data. Communication with participants and health and social workers: Single member of the evaluation team will be point of contact for health and social workers in this programme. Communication with these stakeholders can be established by personal visits to projects sites, attending meetings and contact by telephone. Newstart Allowance and Youth Allowance project will be supported by high quality resources and infrastructure. Validated drug tests and questionnaires for the interviews will be used in this programme and these will be in accordance with the national and international standards. References: Cousins, K., Connor, J.L., Kypri, K. (2010). Reducing alcohol-related harm and social disorder in a university community: a framework for evaluation. Injury Prevention, 16(5), pp. e1-6. Doi, L., Jepson, R., Cheyne, H. (2015). A realist evaluation of an antenatal programme to change drinking behaviour of pregnant women. Midwifery, 31(10), pp. 965-72. Ezard, N., Hodge, S., Dolan, K. (2015). The development and evaluation of stimulant treatment programmes. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(4), pp. 280-5. Fitzgerald, N., Platt, L., Heywood, S., McCambridge, J. (2015). Large-scale implementation of alcohol brief interventions in new settings in Scotland: a qualitative interview study of a national programme. BMC Public Health, 15, 289. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1527-6. Gripenberg, A. J., Wallin, E., Andrasson, S. (2011). Long-term effects of a community-based intervention: 5-year follow-up of 'Clubs against Drugs'. Addiction, 106(11), pp. 1997-2004. Jena, P.K., Kishore, J., Pati, S., Sarkar, B.K., Das, S. (2014). Tobacco use and quit behaviour assessment in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): invalid responses and implications. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, pp. 14(11), pp. 6563-8. Kanicka, M., Poniatowski, B., Szpak, A., Owoc, A. (2013). Effect of an anti-tobacco programme of health education on changes in health behaviours among junior high school adolescents in Bia?ystok, Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 20(1), pp. 167-72. Midford, R. (2010). Drug prevention programmes for young people: where have we been and where should we be going? Addiction, 105(10), pp. 1688-95. Modayil, M.V., Cowling, D.W., Tang, H., Roeseler, A. (2010). An evaluation of the California community intervention. Tobacco Control, 19(1), pp. i30-6. Moeller, K.E., Kissack, J.C., Atayee, R.S., Lee, K.C. (2017). Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 92(5), pp. 774-796. Park, H.Y., Dent, C., Abramsohn, E., Dietsch, B., McCarthy, W.J. (2010). Evaluation of California's in-school tobacco use prevention education (TUPE) activities using a nested school-longitudinal design, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. Tobacco Control, 19(1), pp. i43-50. Perlmutter, A.S., Conner, S.C., Savone, M., Kim, J.H., Segura, L.E., Martins, S.S. (2017). Is employment status in adults over 25 years old associated with nonmedical prescription opioid and stimulant use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(3), pp. 291-298. Stead, L.F., Carroll, A.J., Lancaster, T. (2017). Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD001007. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001007. Subramaniam, S., Everly, J.J., Silverman, K. (2017). Reinforcing Productivity in a Job-Skills Training Program for Unemployed Substance-Abusing Adults. Behavior Analyst, 17(2), pp. 114-128. Worley, J. (2017). Recovery in Substance Use Disorders: What to Know to Inform Practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(1), pp. 80-91.