Discuss How the Concepts of ‘Race’ and ‘Ethnicity’ Perpetuate Inequality in Australia Essay

As concepts, race and province atomic number 18 largely empty receptacles through and in the names of which commonwealth assemblys may be invented, interpreted and imagined as communities or societies (Goldberg, 1993 79). Race and sociality ar major contributing factors of racism in Australia today, and the continued racist beliefs of umteen Australians are the driving forces of inequality in contemporary Australian society. To unfeignedly understand how this occurs one first needs to understand the forms and effects of racism.The modern history of Australia begins with British colonisation in 1788, and reveals many racist practises towards twain im unsettleds and the native population. Until recently, many white Australians shared the belief that civilisation did non begin in Australia until the last quarter of the eighteenth century (Manning Clarke, 1962 3). through the spread of disease, killings and sexual victimisation, the Aboriginal population was drastic entir elyy reduced and did non begin to recover until the late 1940s.To add insult to injury, government form _or_ system of government in the 1960s produced the stolen generation, where, for the common good, Aboriginal children were remote from their families and bureaud with white foster families. This racist ideology was formalised in 1901 with the introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, more comm only if distinguish as the White Australia policy, which excluded Asians and coloureds from Australian immigration. From the beginning of modern Australia, ideals of racial and ethnic superiority develop shaped laws and popular opinions, as well as media representation of migrants and Australians.Continued division amongst white Australians and Aboriginals, Islamic-Australians and Non-English address terra firma (NESB) Australians stem from early misconceptions and continued mis discipline in a so-called multicultural Australia. Races are said to be distinctive be driv ing force members of those races allegedly share real natural or biologic characteristics. Racists believe that these biological characteristics explain wherefore some races are naturally superior to others (Bessant J, cc2 220).Racism itself is a unvariedly evolving entity, and is both individual and collective. In modern Australia, the most common forms of racism are New Racism, Biological Racism and break Exploitation. New Racism, although not actually new, is more commonly accepted. By not claiming any biological superiority, new racists can, with good conscience, claim that they are not racist, but are simply trying to protect national identity which could be compromised when corporate with other cultures. New Racism has been an integral class of Australia for more than 200 geezerhood.Australia pretendd through three distinct phases of policy on immigration. 1947-65 was all about assimilation migrants were expected to move to Australia and become Australians, to leave everything else behind. During this time, gamy levels of immigration were encouraged, with the majority creation British, and only 1 in 10 non-British immigrants were allowed. 1965-72 spawned the idea of integration. It became apparent that assimilation was not on the job(p) and education projects were correct in place to assist migrants in particular those from non English speaking backgrounds.Finally, in 1973, the Whitlam Government abolished the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and declared Australia to be a Multicultural society. Immigration slowed and the government began to recognise the special needs of ethnic Australians. It was during this period of acceptance that, a constitutional referendum gave Aboriginal people citizenship perspective in 1967 (Bessant 2002 p225) and allowed Aboriginal people to vote about 60 years after women.Despite the move towards multiculturalism, race and ethnicity are still determine factors of inequality in Australia, seen mostly through Biological racism and, stemming from this, separate exploitation. Biological racism, by definition, is the assumption that our basic biological differences define us in a specific contribution, or make one group superior to another by a simple matter of genetics. The birth between Muslim and non-Muslim Australians is a hot topic for debate today, and a perfect example of how biological preferences shape prejudice.Stemming from the historic view of immigration, a recent two year study delved into the issues facing Muslim-Australians and their non-Muslim counterparts. end-to-end the study, information was gathered from consultation with religious, academic, community and political leaders, a national hit-or-miss survey of 1,401 Australian voters, focus group deliberations with Muslim Australians throughout the terra firma and a Deliberative Poll assembling 47 Muslim Australians, 329 of those surveyed in the national random survey and a range of competing experts.Concluding a we ekend of deliberations, held in Canberra, Australia on March 2-4, 2007, there was agreement between Muslim and non-Muslim Australians that misperceptions and lack of understanding by both parties (many encouraged by the media) are the motivating factors in reinforcing a negative spiral of guardianship and aggressive behaviour. Young Australian Muslims (mostly born in Australia) are world increasingly alienated and are therefore gravitating away from mainstream Australia the biggest danger being they may turn to more radical sects of Islam.Many non-Muslim Australians perceive a threat to national security and social unanimity by the movement of Muslims in Australia, and 69% of Australians agreed that the media was the biggest factor in s facts of life dealing between Muslims and non-Muslims (Issues Deliberations Australia, 2007 4-5). To best demonstrate the inequality in representation of migrant women in the media, exploration of the content of television advertisements is nec essary.Representation of Non English Speaking Background (NESB) women in television advertisements featuring Australians is almost non-existent, and Aboriginal women are entirely absent from representation. The most common representation of NESB women in the media, where it occurs, is in the role of servant (for example, advertisements for Malaysian Airlines and Air Pacific) or as comic simpleness (the fat ethnic cleaner in the 1990s Pro hart ad for carpet cleaner). The typical Aussie woman is usually represented as a mother.She is blonde, thin and invariably presented within a domestic environment. Advertisements are generally for staples (such as shelter, food, cleanliness, finance, health and education) and appear in prime family believe time slots, where women are placed at the centre of the Australian home. not only does this image exclude migrants from being an Aussie woman, it also suggests that women in Australia should be at home, with children and concerned only with t he staples of running a household.Evidence suggests that these images have a negative effect on the self-esteem of ethnic minorities, especially in children, (Berry & Mitchell-Kernan 1982) and that the negative attitudes of the mainstream population towards ethnic minority groups results from these media representations (Committee of Arab Australians 1990 HREOC 1991). These uninspired representations of ethnic women thus add to the perpetual inequality in Australia, by pigeon-holing migrant women in a submissive role. These advertisements also reinforce the perceptions of migrants as collectively working class citizens (Issues Deliberations Australia 2007)Class division/exploitation is arguably the largest factor contributing to inequality in Australia. The basis of this is that class is not an abstract, objective quality it has to do with the lived experiences of people, their encounters with hostility and deference and snobbery and exploitation (McGregor C 2001 53) Many migran ts become working-class citizens. Lower standards of education and training send immigrants (especially those from non English speaking backgrounds) into jobs using manual labour to absorb an income. functional class people are less(prenominal) likely to move up the class ladder, ending up living in clusters.Working class suburbs generally produce working class people. Schools in working class areas are less likely to encourage students to go on to tertiary education and children are more inclined to stick with what they know rather than pursue a new course. Ethnicity does not automatically place an individual into any one particular class however, migrants generally capture in Australia with little or no money and are separate from the start. Ethnic Australians are more likely to remain in middle(a) or working-class situations, with very few exceptions to the rule (McGregor C 2001).As previously discussed, the Australian media does little to assist ethnic Australians. By the c onstant portrayal of migrants in servant/submissive roles, other Australians are less likely to see migrants as anything else, and expect them to remain in these positions of servitude. Throughout Australias history, race and ethnicity have played a major part in ensuring that the people of Australia are not treated equally. Media representations show that only a thin, blonde woman is a true Aussie mum, and that the role of a migrant woman is only to serve.In addition, popular opinion demonstrates that Muslim Australians are a threat to national security and social harmony and Aboriginal people have less right to manage their have affairs than do white Australians. Although popular opinion is not of necessity indicative of reality, it does dictate the perceived reality of existence within a society. It is these perceived concepts of ones race or ethnic origins that cause inequality to prevail in modern Australian society and a huge shift in perception is required to create societa l harmony.As concluded in the study by Issues Deliberations Australia, education of both migrants and other Australians is the key to equality for all citizens. Bibliography Bessant, J & Watts R 2002, Chapter 9 Neighbours and Nations ethnic identity and multiculturalism, in Sociology Australia, second Edition, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, NSW Burdess, N 1998, Essay structure, in Handbook of Student skills, 2nd edition, learner Hall, Sydney Hollinsworth, D 1998, Racism concepts, theories and approaches, in Race and Racism in Australia, 2nd edition, Social Science Press, Katoomba, NSW.Issues Deliberations Australia/America 2007, Final Report Summary, Australia Deliberates Muslims and Non Muslims, viewed fifth October 2007, ida. org. au/UserFiles/File/AUSTRALIA%20DELIBERATES%20-%20FINAL% 20REPORT %20SUMMARY. pdf>. 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