Examining Factors Influencing Police Decision Making Criminology Essay

Examining Factors Influencing practice of law Decision Making Criminology establish natural law conclusion- fashioning relies on a myriad of factors to include the individual(a) lawmans characteristics, the surround the court-ordered philosophyman spend a pennys in, the characteristics of the offender, the smudge the ships ships ships patrol officeholder let outs themselves in, and the validation that honour outs them. In an contract to go oer jurisprudence forceman carriage and dainty, many law of nature army agencies confuse boost and/or mandated the increased hiring of small fryities, women, and college educated officeholders. The belief is that ships policeman characteristics such as race, sex, and teaching method have an put on police decision do and these characteristics will have a moderating modulate on gross conducts such as excessive puff, police shootings, and violations of civil rights. However, on that point is no compelling enjoin to suggest that officer characteristics have such a fortified squargon off to counter the new(prenominal) factors of situation, organization, and environment in decision-making. Since officer characteristics be a minor part of the complex factors influencing police bearing, there is no harm in promoting increased hiring of minorities, women, and college educated officers. These hiring policies do fill to be seen as an attempt by the police federal means to train officers that shargon characteristics of the constituency that they serve. More discipline is posited to verify the influences of officer characteristics on police air and then, if the studies verify a connection, this research nominate swear the increased hiring practices of minorities, women, and college educated officers.INTRODUCTIONthither is a dearth of quasi- experimental and experimental designs into the factors that influence a police officers decision-making. Questions remain on how influential authoritative characteristics such as officer sex, race, age, training, and locating tummy be on officer demeanour. Of the existing studies that investigate the influences of officer characteristics, the results argon mixed on how influential these characteristics be. However, there argon numerous studies, trance non experimental, that can help explain police behaviors with factors different than officer characteristics (National explore Council, 2004, pp. 34-35). By utilize these studies of opposite than officer characteristics, we can validate how strong or weak these factors be on officer behavior. More studies of officer characteristics on police behavior atomic number 18 needed in score to justify the sanctioned hiring of to a greater extent fe anthropoids, minorities, and college educated officers in an attempt to chasten officer behavior. Some police administrators and indemnity feedrs think that officers with much(prenominal) than gentility and a div erse terra firma will fasten better decisions when interacting with the humankind and reduce the contingencys of excessive draw in and violations of civil rights (Walker, 1998, p. 232) and this is the reason for implementing affirmative live up to hiring programs at some police agencies.Some factors put forth as possible behavioral influences on police officers have included citizen behaviors and attitudes, bionomic influences, environmental factors, legal obstacles, organizational factors, politics, and situational factors. musical composition all are undecided of influencing behavior, none answers the entire question of determining and predicting police behavior (National search Council, 2004, pp. 214-216). One of the biggest obstacles in determining police behavior is overcoming ingrained formulaic wisdom on police way outs. on that point is as well as much anxiety primed(p) on trustworthy behaviors such as racial profiling, police shootings, riding habit of force, and corruption without trying to learn the causes and definitions of such behaviors. These game-profile incidents receive expeditious fixes from politicians and police administrators without addressing the underlying causes. Theory based studies would be better use to explain and correct egregious displays of police behavior (Engel, 2002, pp. 269-270). There is a need for empirical based studies of police behavior in assign to determine which factors, if any, influence the behavior of police officers, the use of ingenuity, and whether if police departments can control for these behaviors by emphasizing the hiring of women, minorities, and college educated officers (National search Council, 2004, pp. 152-154).Based on the demonstrate so far, the influences on police behavior are too complex and varied to make a strong conclusion that certain policies such as hiring much minorities, women, and college educated officers can correct and/control individual police behavior. Although strong correlational statisticss exist betwixt police behavior and situational, legal, organizational, and familiarity factors, none represents a bellwether solution for influencing police behavior. With no conclusive evidence linking certain officer characteristics such as officer race, gender, and education to particular behaviors, policies emphasizing departmental solutions to behavioral publishings should be maintained at bottom certain contexts. Rather than existence seen as a tool to influence officer behaviors and outcomes, these hiring practices should be seen as an attempt to correct previous judicial hiring practices, promote employee diversity, and as an endeavor to have a police government agency reflect their constituency in tell to build trust and cooperation. different factors such as police culture, situations, and police bureaucratism that have been shown to have more of an influence police behavior than officer characteristics should be given m ore condense in attempts to change officer behavior.DISCRETION AND POLICE appearanceThe Importance of kickshawTackling the issue of determining the basis of police behavior is not new but the complexity of the issue was realized from the blood line of such research as the American Bar Foundation comply in the 1950s and its follow-on research by the Presidents Commission on rectitude Enforcement in 1967. Though these early studies spent considerable time in attempting to understand police courtesy, they laid the ground take form for late(a)r studies on police behavior and raised several questions in the process (Walker, 1992, pp. 48-54). Questions such as the influence of officer characteristics and attitude on officer behavior are unsounded not fully understood. These studies began with the emphasis on examining police behavior and popular interaction with the belief that just about officers performed their jobs according to the letter of the law. However, it was curtly discovered in the pipeline of these studies that the police exercised an enormous total of readiness in applying the law (National enquiry Council, 2004, pp. 22-23).The importance politeness has on police behavior cannot be overstated. A police officer, once out of training, operates with rattling little charter supervision and can be highly selective in demonstrating the power of the police. tied(p) when answering swear out calls with ample evidence of a evil, there is no guarantee that the officer will back out a ball action against a citizen. Al almost every interaction an officer has with the public has a measure of discretion. Because of a lack of direct supervision, the actions of the officer cannot be constantly monitored to ensure adherence to the law and deference of civil rights. On one hand, an officer decides to enforce the law and make the take constipate of. This action then comes under the refresh of the police department, courts, the media, and the pu blic since check up on in the United States are a matter of the public record. On the other hand, an officer decides not to make an grow by victimization discretion. The reasons for no tour can vary from lack of evidence to the officers worry that her/his shift is almost over and does not want to stay late to book an speck. Only the officer, the suspect, and perhaps some bystanders have knowledge of the non-arrest. Since none of these people occupy the officers chain of command or justice sub-system, this decision of non-arrest is not up for re see except in rare wad (Goldstein, 1960, pp. 90-92).Goldstein (1960) noted that the use of police discretion in not making arrests are not reviewed except in cases where the police detained suspects in a crime and the suspect went on to commit further crimes and/or the non-arrest is seen as part of corruption. However, arrests and therefore the decisions to make that arrest are under review at every juncture of the criminal justice proc ess, from booking through adjudication. Therefore, the burden of a good arrest and the discretion used to make the arrest is no longer on the officer put placed with the courts for review.Police officers use their discretion for a multitude of purposes, from being a crime fighter to doing their best to avoid as much work as possible. Allowing for the effects of being the subject of a study, officers settle down adjoin a wide range of behaviors depending on when, where, and with whom they choose to exercise their powers of detention, questioning, arrest, and force (Van Maanen, 1974, p. 122). Added to the everyday factors such as the situation in which the officer find himself or herself interacting with citizens, expectations of their agency and co-workers, and differences in location, the officer is besides part of a public service organization. The police have competing mandates and responsibilities placed upon them by a fickle public and an make up more fickle semipolitical s ystem. These mandates and responsibilities are unremarkably not distinctly communicated or only communicated after an incident has taken place and the police resolution was not what the public pass judgment of their agency. Discretion is used by police attention to guide these expectations downward to the beat officer and to adjust to a changing and mercurial political climate (National look for Council, 2004, p. 57).Studying Police Behavior and DiscretionDiscretion has been the focus of study since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to understand how officer decision making influences police behavior. More importantly, researchers were looking into how discretion factored into situations in which officers violated civil rights, arrest decisions, and racial discrimination (National query Council, 2004, p. 64). While previous research focused on the police applying the law, it was idea that officers clearly applied the law fairly and non-discriminately when the law had been b roken. However, follow-up studies revealed that discretion in how the officer applied the law was more important to decision making than once rememberd. Officers were shown to not make arrests as yet when the law was clearly broken and were making arrests for reasons other than law breaking i.e., citizen safety, disrespect, and case management (National Research Council, 2004, p. 70).Attempts to control discretion have been tried in diametric police agencies, often because of police shootings and other misapplications of deucedly force. While most attempts to control or formalize discretion have met with mixed results, other such as in the aftermath of the Memphis police shootings have been fortunate in reducing police shootings and implementing other administrative controls (Fyfe, 1982, p. 72). The use of discretion carries with it a double-sided curse of being unavoidable in police work in a democratic political system. With no discretion, police officers would be heavy handed and legalistic but still exercising some theatrical role of preference, just with more subtlety and with obvious crimes being ignored and minor infractions being investigated. Attempts by police administrators to control discretion have failed (Aaronson et al., 1984, pp. 408-436) and even though it can encourage abuses, discretion carries with it the will of the people who are being policed.The Exercise of Police Arrest PowerThe actions of the police are based on the lawfulness and legitimacy of their actions in controlling the public. The public withal has to recognize the legitimacy of the police and submit to these tenets in order to be policed. When there is conflict amidst the public and the police it is normally a result of the police not following the strictures set up under the law e.g., unlawful search and seizure, interrogations without Miranda warnings, and excessive force (National Research Council, 2004, pp. 5-6, 252).Various police agencies exercise discretion and arrest power in different ways based on the vogue of policing the agency utilizes. There are three styles of policing identified by Wilson (1968) the watchman, service, and legalistic. Discretion is used the most often under the watchman style since these types of agencies are primarily touch with order maintenance. Officers using this style are most concerned with maintaining social control by suppressing illegal activities and disruptive behavior. Discretion is used along with arrest powers to persuade, threaten, and discourage potential lawbreakers (National Research Council, 2004, pp. 70-71). The legalistic police agency is the turnaround of the watchman style with an emphasis on enforcing the law no matter how small the infraction may be. Legalistic agencies tend to have high arrest rates, issue more citations, and utilize the law to target and/or raise persons suspected of violating the law. The use of discretion is low for these types of departments since they tend to vi ew infractions in more concrete terms and use arrest as a tool even for minor infractions. This type of full enforcement also constrains officer behavior and allows some amount of control over the officer by the agency. Police agencies that use a service style of policing are using twain order maintenance and law enforcement while staying attuned to the desires of the community they serve. While less emphasis is placed on using arrest for even minor infractions, the service type of agency still uses arrest and discretion to enforce the laws that are important to the local community. Officer behavior is still controlled but not as much as under the legalistic style but also not given as much emancipation as under the watchman style. However, discretion is still present in all three styles with varying degrees of arrest power implemented and/or encourage by the agency in order to more near adhere to the desired outcomes of the police agency.OFFICER CHARACTERISTICSEffects on Police BehaviorIt has been suggested that an officers psychological and attitudinal orientation influence the officers behavior when they interact with the public. This surmise deals with an officers traits, cons dependables, and attitudes (Terrill and Mastrofski, 2002, p. 218). One area that has drawn an increasing amount of attention from researchers is officer characteristics and the use of force. Research into the influences of officer education and date has suggested that officer education and experience have a positive effect on the use of force in that officers with more experience and formal education are more likely to use alternate forms of citizen control. Officer education refers to formal education outside of police training and usually means some type of college or trade school education. Officer experience refers to the amount of years employed as a police officer. The research build that a more educated and experienced officer shows more restraint when applying force (T errill and Mastrofski, 2002, p. 244).Officer behavior can be explained by the situational factors officers find themselves in and by the attitude exhibited by the officer. However, the link amidst situational factors and officer behavior is stronger than the attitude link. While going against conventional wisdom, officer attitude has not been demonstrate to be a strong indicator of officer behavior and this holds true for the general population as well (Worden, 1989, p. 670). Situational and organizational factors have been found to be a more important quotation of officer decision making than attitudinal based factors (Worden, 1989, pp. 673-674). An officer is also heavily influenced by the legal factors involved when an officer encounters a citizen such as the citizens shelter to orders, officer and citizen safety, and evidence of a crime. Usually when an officer finds her or himself dealing with a situation that requires arrest or the use of force within a legal framework, t hey will behave accordingly kinda than verify on officer attitude or other officer characteristics (Terrill and Mastrofski, 2002, pp. 233-235).The officers race has also been study as a possible translation for police behavior with the thinking that an officer of a minority background would interact with citizens of the same race differently and with greater understanding. Agencies have encouraged the hiring of more black officers with the expectation that black officers would improve relations amongst police and the black community and reduce the amount of bias held by officers against black citizens. However, before race or ethnicity can be examined as a possible source of behavior and a soothsayer of succeeding(a) behavior, other influential factors must be controlled for. These include length of the officers experience on the job, their level of education, characteristics of the suspect, and type of encounter in question. Studies such as Brown and Franks (2006) hold that officer race has an influence on arrest decisions and behavior but their study had to control for the above-mentioned factors. They found dust coat officers were more likely to make arrests than black officers were but that black officers were more likely to arrest black suspects. Other research found that while there were differences in the attitudes of minority and white officers, African American officers arrested African American suspects more often and were more likely to use force against minority suspects than white officers (XXX)An officers gender has also been identified as a possible source of officer behavior. However, there has been no significant evidence to suggest that male and egg-producing(prenominal) officers behave differently in the personal line of credit of their jobs even though it has been suggested that female officers would be less war-ridden and rely more on persuasion and verbal tactics during suspect confrontations (National Research Council, 2004, p . 151). The few studies that showed a difference in officer behaviors based on gender were directed toward community policing and order maintenance situations. Engel et al. (2000) founds that female officers focus more on problem solving when confronted with issues during their shifts (National Research Council, 2004, p. 151). Female officers, when operating(a) under the auspices of community policing, have been found to have a more positive attitude towards citizens and the goals of the community policing programs than do male officers (Skogan and Hartnett, 1997, pp. 239-242). Mastrofski et al. (2000) reason out that female officers also were more likely to honor a citizens communicate to control other citizens within the context of community policing (p. 335). Other than attitudes, differences between female and male officer bahvior during the course of their duties has not been shown. Female officers see to exhibit the same bahviors as male officers when confronted with differ ent situations and different behaviors exhibited by citizens. Whether these citizen inteactions required restraint, issuance of citations, force, or arrest, the actions of the female officers was very resembling to those of male officers (Walker,Despite some differences in attitudes, research findings confirm that there are only very slight differences in on-the-job behavior between the sexes. Studies of police officers in several agencies have revealed that female and male officers responded to similar calls for service and encountered similar similaritys of problem citizens (e.g., citizens who are intoxicated, angry, untamed, etc.). Only slight-and nonstatistically significant-differences existed in the proportion of arrest and citations issued by male and female officers (for review, see Walker).Findings regarding officers use of poisonous force, however, have been somewhat mixed. Studies have shown that male officers are involved in deadly force incidents more often than fem ale officers, but female officers who are partnered with a male officer reacted similarly to their male partners when responding to violent confrontations (Walker). In addition, a study of police officers in Indianapolis Police Department and St. Petersburg Police Department during 1996-1997 found that male officers are more likely than female officers to respond positively to citizens involves to control another citizen (Mastrofski et al., 2000). termination Against Type, Styles of Officer BehaviorBeing part of a heavily bureaucratized and politicized organization, the police officer has the opportunity to depend upon a certain type of behavior in order to make their work enjoyable. A police officer is supervised closely and operates independently at the same time, utilizing discretion and experience to either patrol aggressively or only answer service calls. The intricate factors that influence decision-making include organizational pressures, territory coverage, survival of the fittest, street code, radical dynamics, and coping skills. Since the nature of patrol work can change from mo to moment and can only be generally predicted over the course of a shift, the behavior an officer exhibits can quickly change from an aggressive legalistic style to a laid back, emergency response style over the course of a shift (Van Maanen, 1974, pp. 120-121).Outside factors have an influence on officer behavior as strongly as internalized attitudes and beliefs. Because the police agency is heavily influenced by outside forces such as the law, bureaucratic control, politics, and public complaints, sometimes the officers behavior is pre-determined by such constraints (Herbert, 1998, pp. 361-364). An officer also has to hold themselves to an organizational ideal of being competent, moral, and safe (for self and fellow officers). Even if an officer exhibits the attributes of a hard-charger or a desk jockey, they are still expect to meet the minimum expectations of the group i.e., assist when called upon, show solidarity with fellow officers, and be safe (Herbert, 1998, pp. 355-361).SITUATIONAL FACTORS OF POLICE lookThe Probability of ArrestFactors other than officer characteristics have been shown to be a better predictor of officer behavior in terms of arrest. Citizen initiated arrests and preferences have a stronger influence on arrest decisions than the preferences of the officer, who sometimes would prefer to be more lenient and possess more evidence when making an arrest decision. Seriousness of the crime, whether the suspect is known and/or related to the officer, and the amount of disrespect given to the officer are also factors that take the arrest decision beyond officer characteristics (Black, 1971, pp. 1104-1110).Suspect bearing also has been shown to be a strong indicator of the chances of being arrested. An officer, no matter their attitude or other characteristics, will not usually subject themselves to disrespect and abuse at the hand s of a citizen. Although situation specific, interaction between police and citizens is influenced by the behavior displayed by both parties, and an escalation of perceived disrespect by one party against the other is met with resistance by the other. There is also disagreement among officers on what construes disrespect, which adds to the difficulty in using suspect demeanor as an officer behavior predictor (Klinger, 1994, pp. 489-491). However, the correlation in suspect demeanor and chance of arrest is still a strong indicator of officer behavior and prediction (Worden Shepard, 1996, pp. 99-103).Other situational factors such as the mental health of a suspect and citizen orisons have a much stronger effect on officer behavior than officer characteristics. Even though there may be a correlation on an officers education level in respect to the officers predilection to arrest a mentally disordered suspect (Engel and Silver, 2001, p. 247), officers have not been shown to dispropor tionately arrest mentally disordered persons based on mental health (Engel and Silver, 2001, pp. 245-248). An officer is usually not inclined to grant a citizens request to arrest another unless there is evidence of a crime committed. This holds true regardless of the citizens race, wealth, or social affiliation. However, Mastrofski et al. (2000) found that male officers, officers of limited experience, and officers with a passion for community policing were more apt to honor a request for arrest.Suspect CharacteristicsIt has long been pre-supposed by the advocates of conventional wisdom that certain characteristics of the suspects that are immediately discernable such as age, race, sex, and social class had an influence on the officers decision to make an arrest or some other formal action.(EXPAND)ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ON OFFICER BEHAVIORThe Influences of the OrganizationThe influence of organizational factors on officer behavior is dependent upon the type of organization the offi cer is working in. Smith (1984) identified bureaucratic and professional agencies with quaternary sub-categories identified by the level of bureaucracy and professionalism within the agency. High professionalism and high bureaucracy is legalistic, high professionalism with low bureaucracy is service, low professionalism with high bureaucracy is militaristic, and low professionalism with low bureaucracy is fraternal. Therefore, the behavior of the officer can be reasonably predicted based on the type of agency and that agencys definition of legal control (Smith, 1984, pp. 33-35).Organizational influences on officer behavior can also be seen when using expectancy theory. The organization, in this case police agency or department, instills certain expectations from its officers in regards to arrests, traffic stop overs, citations issued, etc. In the framework used by Mastrofski et al. (1994) in their study of Pennsylvania police officers, DUI enforcement was the studied expectancy. Mastrofski et al. (1994) found that when the officers operated under the expectations of their agencies, they usually complied whether the expectations were for high or minimal enforcement. The characteristics of the individual officers did not play a significant role except for a small number of rate busters who bucked the system and made significantly more arrests for DUI (Mastrofski et al., 1994, pp. 142-145).Organizational factors have been shown to have the ability to change officer behavior when there has been directed action against identified behavior, usually in response to police abuses or scandal. An example of this occurred when the Memphis police department made a concerted effort to reduce the amount of police shootings since the rate of deadly shootings in Memphis was disproportionate when compared to other, larger cities (Fyfe, 1982, pp. 712-717). The reasons for shooting given by the Memphis officers were not in agreement with reasons given by the comparison city of juvenile York since Memphis officers showed a predilection to using deadly force for property crime offenses (Fyfe, 1982, pp. 715-716) while New York officers did not. The Memphis police addressed this issue by instituting a more stringent deadly force policy and officer survival training in an attempt to reduce the shootings incidents.An organizations influence on officer behavior can also be seen in the supervisory styles of police mid-level management. Engel (2001) identified different supervisory styles among police sergeants and lieutenants identified as traditional, innovative, supportive, and bustling (pp. 347-350). While each style has a direct influence on the officers they are supervising, it is also interesting to note the attitudes of the supervisors themselves when the distribution is included for sex, race, rank, age, experience, and education. Engel (2001) found that half of the traditional supervisors were female, this may be attributed to their use of rules, and regulations to keep officers in line and under control since female supervisors may have an issue with perceived power by subordinates (pp. 350-351).COMMUNITY FACTORS ON POLICE BEHAVIORPatrolling the NeighborhoodThe area in which a police officer patrols has an effect on their behavior. This depends on the social, economic, and attitudinal makeup of the local residents of the neighborhood in question. There are also other environmental factors influencing police behavior. These include community interaction, past history of policing the neighborhood, the local politics, and the dominant area culture (National Research Council, 2004, pp. 155-156).The influence of the neighborhood is strong on potential police behavior dependent upon the type of neighborhood that is served by the police. Smith (1986) found that police behave differently in higher(prenominal) status neighborhoods than they do in lower status neighborhoods. For example, the police are more prone to stop and question a suspicious person in a higher status neighborhood than in lower status, less racially inhomogeneous neighborhoods (pp. 338-339).Neighborhood conditions also affect police behavior. Klinger (1997) found that officers come to view deviant behaviors as normal if they are exposed to the behavior in neighborhoods that are economically disadvantaged. Rather than acting as service providers in these types of neighborhoods, officers quickly learn to prioritize the crimes in terms of urgency and the need to respond (pp. 298-300). Crank (1990) also found differences in officer behaviors in terms of motivation to arrest in rural and urban areas. non only are there differences between police behaviors within a municipal area, there are also differences in behavior between rural and urban police with the rural police officer being more prone to make arrests for discretionary offenses (pp. 185-187).DISCUSSIONPolice agencies, the public, policy makers, and politicians have long had the desire to recruit and employ officers whose behavior is beyond reproach. An officer who made the correct decision in every represent without regard to a suspects race, sex, economic status, or mental health would be highly regarded and emulated. When the officer was confronted with situations that required the application of force and/or restraint, they would do so correctly and with the proper legal justifications. It is thought that the use of officer discretion would also be properly applied and controlled by the jump line supervisors and directed by the agencies themselves based on community need. Agencies believe they could partially meet these goals if they emphasize the hiring of women, minorities, and college educated officers.However, due the complexity of police work and the multitude of influences such as situational, organizational, and environmental factors, shaping officer behaviors would be very difficult indeed. As was shown in numerous studies above, these other influences besides officer characteristics, often have a stronger influence over officer behavior than the officers own attitude, race, sex, and/or education.CONCLUSIONThe emphasis on hiring more minorities, women, and college-educated officers should continue because these programs are causing no harm and they are a reflection on the desires of the community that is being policed. No study has shown a negative effect of having more minorities, women, and college-educated officers on a particular police force. However, no study has shown a significant difference in police behaviors based on sex or race so more research is needed in an attempt to understand a connection between officer behavior and officer characteristics.

Music and Censorship

unison and Censorship unison and Censorship melody today is an important p finesse of our lives. It is a office of life to express ourselves as individuals and it is a form of contrivance that helps us sic who and what we atomic number 18. We use it to express our aspects, our views, and our ideas. Today, many artists are faced with cast bulge outship and is star of the controversial things that they take over to deal with. Censorships purpose is to limit or stipulate plastered parts of a certain subject. In harmony linguistic communication are either changed or bleeped out so that it would be considered appropriate. save, if medicament considered an art form, then why censor it? Musicians are artists and medicine is their way of expres render themselves. Censorship takes away everything that defines art and what makes artists artists.In music, there are contrary types of styles or genres. There is classical, pop, rock, country, metal, and the list would go on. But theres a certain genre thats primarily targeted by censorsand that is rap. Rap is probably one of the closely popular music genres today, and is as advantageously as one of the most criticized one. The reason why it is criticized so much is because it has explicit content usually having references to sex, drugs, and violence. To both(prenominal) people they believe that it promotes sex, drug usage, and violence acts while others believe that its obviously in effect(p) self expression. So what if it does talk approximately(predicate) all these good-for- nonhing things? What happened to freedom of expression? Freedom to create andfreedom of speechare vital to our society. Music is art and there is no question about that. Censors need to trueize that art not only explores on dexterous and pleasant scents, but also fear, anger, sadness, and truth in our everyday lives. It is essential to recognize that aside from musical quality, there are other things the makeup music. I n Victor Lombardis Music and Censorship, he quotes Peter Michaelsons, author of The Aesthetics of Pornography in supposeion The responsibility of society, if it accepts poetry as a mode of knowledge, is to remain exposed to what poets of all genres, including the pornographic, have to say. Otherwise all mirrors will soon reflect the same imbecilic smile.Censorship isnt something new in fact, its something thats been implemented date back in the early 1940s. In Kathleen Anthonys phrase Censorship of universal Music An Analysis of Lyrical Content, she states In the 1950s radio networks and post commonly used this form of censorship, altering song lyrics or removing lyrics deemed unsavoury for broadcastoften the songs meaning was changed considerably and without consulting the songs original lyricist for the revition(8). In 1985, albums began being labeled with Parental Advisory for explicit content. In Steve Joness article Ban(ned)in the USA Popular Music and Censorship, he st ates the Recording Industry acquaintance of America (RIAA) agreed to Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) Request for lables on sound recordings warning of explicit content(6). However, The Parental Advisory labels and tracks that were alter have only made rap artists still more(prenominal) providential and creative, and thats why listeners are even more drawned to it. Many listeners want to let on the original version of the music or track that is censored because it doesnt direct the truth. While some artists choose to write about love, nature, or happy thoughts, others choose to write about struggles in life. If the words in the lyrics are articulated in a manner that is offensive and makes the person uncomfortable, the solution is to simply not listen to it. i of the most controversial music artists today is Eminem. A lot of people absolutely love him and a lot of people hate him. Using his incredible skills in paternity and rhyming, he is able to rap pretty much about anything and everything, from his hardships in his early life and his despise for the mainstream media, he became one of the most well known iconic rapper today. To artists, their work is their pride, it is what defines them and their work is their reflection of themselves. To censor their work is to deny them their ability to express themselves. In Eminems song trough I Collapse, he talks about the importance of his music and how it affects him.Music is like magic theres a certain smell outing you get when youre real and you spit and people are feeling your shit. This is your moment and every iodin minute you spend trying to hold onto it cause you may never get it again. So while youre in it try to get as much shit as you can and when your run is over secure admit when its at its end.Eminem feels that it important to hold on that something that is dear you (which is the feeling he experiences when he raps) and not give it up because that is what you are and the feeling you get when you have that is something that you capacity experience again. Cause sometimes you feel tired, feel weak, and when you feel weak, you feel like you wanna just give up. But you gotta search within you, you gotta find that inner strength and just express that shit out of you and get that motivation to not give up and not be a quitter, no matter how bad you wanna just fall flat on your face and collapse.In his song beget he talks about how his songs are attacked by censors and people who dislike his music.My lyrical content is eternally under fire No extol why I constantly bomb back To combat attacks with constant concepts When lyrics are constantly took outta context Failure to communicate with congress has Been a problem for the longest, I guessEminem is telling the listeners that his lyrics constantly attacked because of the things he says in his music and how everything taken out of context. This only causes him to retaliate by creating more songs based on the reactions hes getting. What people need to realize is that some topics that the artists sing about are purely for entertainment and are not meant literally.My music can be slightly amusing You shouldnt take lyrics so serious, it might be confusing Just trying to seperate the truth from entertainment Its stupid, aint it? I get sick of trying to explain itAccording to one hearing with Eminem, he was quoted as saying A lot of my rhymes are just to get chuckles out of people. Anybody with half a brain is going to be able to tell when Im joking and when Im serious. However, according to Todd Brauers article Rap Uncensored, This is really quite uncommon. There are many rappers with lyrics like this and most dont ado to clarify what they say as being just entertainment. Rap does generate the hard truth about many aspects of inner-city life and our nations hidden problems, but people, especially kids, need to learn that a large portion of the violence, drugs, sex, rough language, and images use d in rap music are not something to admire. so far though some many of the rap songs are offensive, it talks about inequality, poverty and politics which contain important messages that people can definitely relate to. This is why so many of the people who lash out against rap music are neat people.In Robin Lakoffs book, The Language War, it was explained that the absolute absolute majority group has a tendency to overlook opposing views to keep their spot. One can look at Eminem as part of a majority group however, since he has such a strong relationship with the melanize culture it makes him an easy target to get bashed. In Bell maulers interview with rapper Ice Cube she stated The way that white people continue their power is, in part, through their control of our (the blackened races) images and representations. If someone has control over who gets to say what, then those people have the power to define society.This pretty much says the war over rapcensorshipis not only a battle over whether or not the eldest Amendment is being crossed, but it is also an attempt by those in power of language to prevent change and suppress those threatening it.Efforts to ban songs by artists like Eminemand Ice Cube would balloon the us versus them mentality even more, leading to people who do not support the songs lyrics but do support free speech (Chideya). The basis of America is to let everyone be able to voice their own opinion so I dont chaffer any good reason for that to be tout ensemble taken away. archetype labels, edited album versions, and age restrictions on buying labeled albums sue as a fair compromise without largely limiting peoples get at to rap music. I dont think there is a way to completely stop people from obtaining this music without violating some of our constitutional rights. Again, education about the lyrics and topics that exist in rap music seems to be a break in combatant.

Effective leadership styles in problem solving

sound leadership way of lifes in problem solvingThis assignment sh totally critically examine the extent to which effective prudence and leadership styles erect be utilize to address and solve problems in companionable solicitude and wholesomeness environments. innovationThe service field of fond and health kick environments has made majuscule progress in recognizing its values for the future periods and things which require changing to obtain considerable and perceptible improvements across a variety of service. instruction and lead styles strike to be utilise effectively to bring out noniceable changes and for achieving specific fulfills to induct signifi earth-closett improvements a reality in the amicable and health aid environment. effectual and efficient implementation of change and improvement is a dynamic and comprehensive adjoin which takes its due time to come into action and specific counseling and leadership programmes atomic number 18 usually uni que to all(prenominal) organization. Every organization depends upon change and programmes for improvement for different reasons. lead plays a very vital role in the success of organisational improvement in social and healthc ar service heavenss. Effective leaders can enable improvements to take place and they have the capability to foretell the direction in which an organisation must be headed in terms of service delivery such as greater service user involvements and overly decease their organisation in this direction. It is very outstanding to have a regulate purpose or ideology involving employees to bring about improvements in the system. The counseling must set the scope of these improvements and it is leaderships responsibility to aide in transport and implementing changes for betterment of the services.Overview of wellness and companionable Care Sector health care sector refers mainly to all those services which are tossed by hospitals, clinics, prevalent practiti oners to prevent, mention and treating illness. This is a main and primary activity fall in Kingdom and consumes classical pgraphicss of Gross Domestic Product and accounts of employing over ten meg population across the country. This is a very complex sector comprising of not just healthcare service providers but also snobby and commonplace funders and patients (consumers). Further more(prenominal), significant economic sectors are associated actively with this sector, particularly pharmaceuticals and suppliers of medical equipments. In this assignment we shall concentrate on service provision of healthcare and how management and leadership styles can bring about improvement and address the problems of this sector.Social services is a multifaceted concept having different meanings and could include, provision of upbeat payments and pensions. This assignment the term social services volition be confine to work which is rendered by a person or organisation for promotion o f welfare of citizens. It includes, but is not restricted to, services forChildren and their familiesDisabled individuals of all age groupsElderly individual particularly those suffering from mental health problemsIndividuals misusing drugs and alcoholServices related to HIV/AIDSThe typical providers of social services are public authorities and voluntary organisations however private sector also plays an all main(prenominal)(predicate) role, to illustrate, provision of long-term care facilities. healthcare and Social services were treated differently traditionally, due to their origins but also because of the fact that interest groups maintained their boundaries. This entire situation is undergoing changes throughout the westward world due to different factors which include increase in sr. population, increase in awareness of preventing diseases instead of cure and an increased get from customers (citizens) integrated services to meet needs specific in nature. This resulted i n increasing stress on care including healthcare in the community, with higher(prenominal) collaboration between twain sectors healthcare and social service providers. United Kingdom offers a National Health Service (NHS) free of be at the point of delivery this expenditure is funded primarily through general taxation.Several issues that affect healthcare also affect social services, especially senescent society. However, the functioning of hospitals and community-based care has transmogrifyed differently. UK is now exploring ways of organise both sets of services more efficiently, for e.g. shifting towards a home-based and community care grouped with correct use of expensive hospital services. This can be achieved and phylogenesis in informatics and associated disciplines are anticipated to offer it. (OST, 2001, p. 8) on-line(prenominal) Trends and Driving Forces of Social and health care SectorHealthcare and Social care service sector is currently undergoing different change s and thus it is essential to valuate what are the current trends and forces responsible for these changes. This assignment shall look at the to the highest degree significant trends and drivers affecting health and social services sector, they areChanges in Demography and societyThe citizens of UK are currently living in ageing societies. However, the major concern is workforce and elder ageing, i.e. increase in frame of persons above 80. This phenomenon is known as threesome ageing. The resultant effects of triple ageing on health and social services are well known.Increasing consumerism and expectations.The term consumer patient is reflective on the assumption that more and more number of people are expecting to receive health care services they need at affordable prices.Latest medical technologiesThe need to reduce health costs, ex turn tail life expectancy and improve fiber of life is often cited as drivers for technological give outments in health and social sector. Many people believe that these latest technologies can totally transform and revolutionise the healthcare sector, despite concerns of increasing costs.Leadership in Healthcare and Social ServicesLeadership and management are two important factors which go forth help bring about the needed changes in the Healthcare and Social Services sector. Clarity and effective communication is very important for leaders depending on improvement initiatives. In the same line, frontline employees require to be provided with opportunities to embrace the latest ideology and purpose and customize it so that they can alter services accordingly. Leadership in healthcare and social services will be successful when the management decides the purpose of the organization and underlies requirements for improvement, analyzes what changes call for to be made to achieve these objectives and examine how the necessary improvements can be achieved. To make a success of the implementing changes in service, leaders mu st make sure there is effective communication amongst the staff which is two-way and useful.Management in social and healthcare sectorManagement of the organization should impart employees to carry forward improvements and enhancements in their daily service delivery. It is always mathematical for employees to be involved in what of the change, however there is a ample scope for involving how. Management must try to involve employees in the stages of planning, this will encourage staff to acknowledge and support the improvement process spot olfactory sensationing sense of ownership over the improvements. The main management style here is democratic in nature which means employees are comprehend to and their opinions and ideas are considered, including those employees who efficiency not easily welcome changes. Employees must be granted the tasks of carrying forward improvements in their daily routine work. Encourage them to enroll in do purposes independently. Workers must be allowed to get in in discussions, questions and see activities of improvement. An otherwise important aspect of democratic management style is feedback from employees which is a result of consulting on exercises and decisions taken based on inputs. Encouraging teamwork, both inter and intra-departmental, comprising of diverse members. Employees must be exposed to development of activities which they had been a part of while designing. Provide the staff with ample time for involvement, developmental activities and participation. If staff is finding it difficult to balance present commitments with time for improve services, then work along with the management and find answers.Management and Leadership StylesManagement is a universal concept and is very popularly used terminology in the business world. Every type of organization be it business, political, cultural or social involves management since it is management which assists and directs the different efforts of people towar ds a predetermined goal or objective.According to Harold Koontz, Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goalsOn the other hand, Leadership is a process through which an executive could direct, guide and influence behaviour and work of other individuals in the direction of achieving particular goals in an existing situation. Leadership refers to the authorization of influencing the behaviour of others in the organization. It can in specific terms be referred to as the capacity to influence a group towards goals realization. It is the capability of a manager to motivate his subordinates to work together with confidence and enthusiasm.There are three main categories of management and leadership styles which are as given belowAutocratic managers are decision makers and closely control and get by employees. Managers generally have less levels of trust and just give orders which are expected to be obeyed.Paternalistic managers tend to give more circumspection to the social needs and views of their employees. Managers are keen on making the employees feel happy and generally act as a father figure. They tend to consult employees about different issues and beware to their feedbacks and opinions. However, managers are actual decision makers but do take interests of workers into consideration since they believe staff very needs direction.Democratic Managers are those who entrust their employees and encourage them to make important decisions. They would delegate work to them along with authority to do and also listen to their advice. There is a clear bi-directional communication which often includes democratic groups, religious offering useful tips and ideas. Managers should be willing to encourage skills of leadership among subordinates.Conclusion and RecommendationsHealth and Social Care services are in the midst of fracture at national, local and international level. The core of these changes lies in the desire to offer customers with increased levels of involvement in their caring, promotion greater choices and interdependence amongst users and more efficiently support from the entire community, everything while staying within the parameters of standards of quality and budgets. about programmes are usually unique to particular organisations, beyond general regions targeted for improvements. Sometimes, organisations might undergo changes due to increasing pressures from their funding institutions or government, while others may be responding to changes due to poor standards and lastly organisations that are aligning their management to cope up with the new changes in the sector. Main recommendations for adopting management and leadership styles in health and social care services areEffective leadership in the organisation which motivates employe es in the organisation to willing participate in changes and also respond to it.Involving employees and their participation in decision making to cope up with the changes in the sector.Identify skills and help in development of those skills of employees. Employees must be constantly given chances to improve their existing skills and develop new skills according to the changing environment.Management of organisations in social and healthcare sectors must have a more democratic approach which will encourage employees to participate and also motivate them to work to their full potential.

How Emotional Intelligence Contributes To Leadership

How Emotional Intelligence Contri exactlyes To LeadershipThe purpose of this report is to test how mad news signifi lavtly contributes to effective loss lead. Given the holdings of ruttish information, the concentre is made on how the current direction potbelly utilize the knowledge of ablaze news to steer organizations to sustain up to(p) growth. This is motivated by the occurrence that through emotional intelligence, leading inspire and invoke positive interchange by fashioning large number study in them. When plurality believe in leading, this is the departure for successful direction. motivating can give encouragement to e truly cardinal for their task. It withal helps to motive deals life that they can be active and animated that they can lead with their members as a leader who has a responsibility. Empathy describes a deep brain according to emotional reaction of other plenty so they sh ar their mind for others to understand as a leader who consider and c atomic number 18 of members. Social dexteritys argon included in confabulation which indicates relationship with others so people can share their common dry land and build their familiarity in society.It is crap that emotional intelligence has an effect in leadership. Emotional intelligence has five comp consentaneousnessnts to get benefits in leadership. E rattling dimension is based on peoples mind that leadership can be apply with true mind of leader like egotism-awareness, self-management, indigence, empathy and loving accomplishments. Those components stupefy dissimilar abilities which can lead others. Leadership is a way of harmony of organization. It is not forced and not passive. This paper has examined the aim of emotional intelligence in shaping leadership and it is recommended that good leaders know how to read and design their emotions positively to mentor and motivate employees.T equal ContentsExecutive compendious 11.0 insane asylum 31.2 Aim 41. 3 Scope 42.0 Self- a weakness 43.0 Self-management 54.0 Self-motivation 54.1 Advantage and loss of motivation 54.2 Example of effect ion 55.0 Empathy Social acquisition 65.1 Way of ability 65.2 Understanding of mind 65.3 Benefits of fond skill 65.4 Relation in the midst of social skill and motivation 66.0 Conclusions 67.0 Recommendations 7Reference 71.0 IntroductionThe character of the organization leadership plays a critical role in shaping the performance and sustainable growth of employees. Many schools of thought have therefore argued that leaders are born(p) and made while others argue that leaders are only born and not made. However, looking at leadership in a holistic view, the concept of emotional intelligence comes into the fore (Payne and Huffman, 2005). The ability of one to be able to read and positively use the emotional attachments to influence, motivate and nurture people. The inherent character to realize people and command authority using effect- is what def ines leadership through emotional intelligence.In an attempt to examine the role of leadership through emotional intelligence, the paper impart extensively assess the extent at leadership through emotional intelligence correlates with daily management issues and human vision splitment.1.1 Background informationLeadership is always a challenging role both at personal level and organization level. That why in major(ip) cases intensive training to develop the derived skills of stress management, sociology, and counselling is very vital. However, more in-chief(postnominal)ly, it has been observed that naturally there are people who were born with very unique inherent traits that favour one to lead. These traits include but not limited to motivation, empathy, considerate, calmness, humility, command of authority among others (Goleman, McKee Boyatzis, 2002). Interestingly, these so called soft skills are centralized within the concept of Emotional intelligence. By example one is sai d to be emotionally intelligent when is able to refrain from longing when confronted refrain from violence when confronted to refrain from abusive language when pushed to- but quite in these entire scenarios act in a manner that will instead win the favour of the opponent. This is the nature of leadership that the world is urgently in convey for. Most organizations are very keen to acquire emotionally intelligent leaders.Leadership by emotional intelligence is the just about desirable due to its key components of self-awareness, motivation, self-management as well as the social skills. These are key ingredients in attracting partners, managing people, skilful in decision making and ability to impact to the larger community as well as conflict resolution in work set up.1.2 AimThe major aim of this paper is to report on how the traits of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self- management, self-control, social awareness and empathy) significantly contribute to effective leade rship in organizations. Noting that it exacting to appreciate the role and coexistence of an entire management team, it is the leaders who coordinates the team efforts to confirm results. Through emotional intelligence leaders are able to parallelism between personal interest and conflicts with organizational impersonals and draw rational objective decision that favour both parties. Additionally, this report will excessively recommend the best mode to determine individuals in developing emotional intelligence leadership (Mintzberg and Gosling, 2002).1.3 ScopeLeadership touches on almost all the areas of our lives. more importantly, is the question of whether there is deep entrenchment of emotional intelligence in the key decisions made. Management of organizations presents a key challenge to the real c all overing of emotional intelligence leadership. As a leader (CEO) of a company, self awareness and social control is very applicable is achieving successful leadership. aff ecting on personal life is equally important aspect of achieving self-awareness, and self management. Socialization both within the organization and public fora is among the key ingredients that shape ones ability to develop emotional intelligence.2.0 Self- a weaknessThis is the most important aspect of leadership since it is undoubtedly expected one should lead by example. It motivating employees and team to surveil a particular management dimension, one is expected to be well versed and able to undertake the same. By example, most of corporeal leaders take part in corporate social responsibility such as sports, giving day, donation programmes so that through that awareness leaders are able to motivate and attract people. If one is high tempered, the realization of the fact that he/she cannot withstand confrontation is a key step in managing ones emotions and thereby avoiding conflicts or practicing to be calm under confrontation (Raelin, 2004). This is a key step toward self- a weakness. If one realizes that through emotional speech, people respond and win over then this is key steps toward self- a weakness hence bear on towards emotional intelligence leadership.3.0 Self-managementLeaders are expected to be nonionised and directive in their own life. Managers for example are expected to be neat, well dressed as a reflection of self moral principle and organization. In this case, directing employees to adopt particular directive will be an additional motivation hence easy to execute. Is a leader able to manage time? For managers who report early in their workplace, it isa clear motivation among the junior staff to equally come earlier and mechanically adopts the leadership style without formal enforcement. In simple terms, as a leader, the extent of self management attracts, motivates and nurture people around you. This is what emotional intelligence leadership is all about.4.0 Self-motivation4.1 Advantage and Disadvantage of motivationMotivation can le ad leaders to expect better results than working without motivation because they can make an effort when they have their selected goal. By having a motivation, people expect their achievement when they go through conflicts and difficulties so it can be positive behaviour for them.4.2 Example of effect ionIf leaders are in negative mood, they will not be able to manage others, for example, people who just care of task which just assigned from others and just follow other people. They are lack of motivation because they do not put spontaneously. If they get motivation, they will challenge for aiming to get their achievement. Anand (2010) states this factor is cerebrate to self-awareness because when leaders they realise their own personality they can recognize what they really need that motivation can be found in this situation. As precondition of leader, capable leadership regards as the most important component. Clarke (2010) states emotional intelligence indicates some relations hip with leadership. This ability can encourage others to achieve in their field. It also can adjust balance of mood. Well-managed performance can be influenced in task and it can enhance ability that it makes rational issuance so it causes effective mood and emotion at work.5.0 Empathy Social skill5.1 Way of abilityEmpathy is the ability to share their mind that can be done with deep understanding. Understanding other peoples mind will be concerned as a way of management. It is an important point to be a leader.5.2 Understanding of mindLeadership is to lead others that they should realise thoroughly. They also should be enthusiastic and active because they can encourage and give postal code when they feel positive, for example, sharing the true mind is important to sense how others are feeling. It is beneficial both of them. They can see what they need. Empathy is probably to be useful for someone who feels sad and has negative idea. When other people cannot concentrate on work because of other problem, leaders can adjust their problem by handling together with them but leaders should not control whole thing because they cannot net the problem independently. They will rely on leaders without any enthusiasm about their work. These all emotional intelligences are related to ability of leadership.5.3 Benefits of social skillSocial skills will be likely to get motivation. Social skill is based on communicating because people can look for their result by discussion with others. In this process, communication will be allowed to use. Clarke (2010) states this social skill helps leaders to prepare for management so they can notice what they have to prepare by talking with others and they can lead others in appropriate way, for example, making friends is helpful for severally one in society. People can share what they think.5.4 Relation between social skill and motivationThey can handle emotional reactions from others and can lead others to get effectiveness. If they do not have connection from each one other, they cannot be a good leader even though managers are outstanding and diligent because they have personality which is not good at social skill. Components of emotional intelligence are necessary for leadership effectiveness.6.0 ConclusionsIn the ability of leadership, leaders need to manage and encourage others so emotional intelligence describes about five components which help leaders to prepare themselves. Self-awareness is the understanding of mind by people. Leaders can manage when they are solely able to recognise themselves. They also can realise the needs of requirement. Self-management is also related to self-awareness but management is the ability to control their mood that they can regulate themselves. Motivation is ultimately necessary for leadership because people commonly think of their objective that if they select their goal they will focus on successful achievement. Ability of empathy is helpful to someone face wi th difficulties. Uncomfortable feeling prevent peoples task so leaders need to provide empathic mind to others for encouragement. Social skills are one of the important components. People normally open their mind when they think they have common senses and they are close. To solve this problem, managing and building relationship is important to understand others for leaders.7.0 RecommendationsThe entire report has extensively reflected on the role of emotional intelligence enhances effective leadership. Given the nature of diverse leadership exposure within organizations, it is recommending thatIn an effort to develop strong management team, organizations should invest in training and retraining of employees to get wind they acquire the additional skills such as financial risk management skills, information management technology so as to be able to adapt to the ever emerging challenges in organizations.Self expression is very important is shaping ones emotional intelligence. It i s therefore important that senior leaders nurture future leaders (junior staff) through allowing self expression and socialization.

The Impact And Spread Of Consumer Society Marketing Essay

The Impact And spread Of Consumer Society Marketing EssayConsuming is virtuoso of merciful disposition that cant be changed. Why and how we eat on is the control of this human behaviour. in that respect be two kinds of thought about this behaviour. One is does rustr shapes our lifestyle and the some opposite(a) wiz is the other way around. Consuming has a close descent with lifestyle. The way concourse consume reflects their lifestyle. Does this lifestyle is a pure zest or is it encourage by other aspect like contrive? Through ocular and mental, tangible and nonphysical, physical body gives an impaction to both the purlieu and the consumer. These experience makes slew attached to something they consume. Does consumerism is something bad or good? in that location ar some good and bad points to be looked. Through the design, consumerism is world passed unconsciously. Design has a role and an impact on consumerism. That is why the man of design is important to shape or to be determine.T qualified of table of contentsAbstract..iTable of Contents.ii num agete of Reference..iii foundation..1Analysis....2Consumerism in Society..2Consumerism in stop over and Restaurant4Design in Consumerism..4Conclusion6List of references.7Bibliography..71. IntroductionToday commercial space cost ons a territory of consumerism. Brands as a generator get a magnet for the consumer. Consumerism is derived from the words consume. In the end of this word on that point is a suffix -ism that is kn let as a belief, system or philosophy. How far consumerism plays a role in human life? Trading and exchanging be feature nature. Why do we adopt to trade or exchange? The crusade is to get what we get so that we atomic number 18 able to consume it.As the clock time goes by, consuming and applied science have been developed. People could be tardily fulfilling their need. And then what after that? Do we as human worlds are still satisfied? piece exit ne ver be satisfied. It is their appetency to preserve compulsioning to a colossaler extent and more. Imbalance betwixt needs and desire causes consumerism. Does consumerism as a way of life creates our lifestyle or we regard to creates our own lifestyle?2. AnalysisThinking about consumerism must non give about consumption. Both consumerism and consumption has a closed relationship amongst each other. Consumerism happens because of consumption. It is not a mistake that we consume almost altogether the things in our life such as goods and experience. Furthermore, human has been exercising to consume since civilization had not been developed yet. Exchange becomes humans nature. As the time goes by, human nourishment developing to have a better life. If we, human, has set up our primary needs, we want something more other retributory than that. Imbalance between needs and desires give a result as consumerism. Consumerism happened solely out front Industrial Revolution peri od but it could be seen obviously during this period. Lawson (2009, p.60) state by the 1950s, for the first time in our history, we were producing enough to allow woof for masses. It means that consumer society was born.2.1 Consumerism in SocietyThere is a invention The more we have, the happier we become. This myth is capable with the state of consumerism. People believe that the more things they have, they would be happier but in fact it is not. Our happiness now is intractable by other people unhappiness and so our need is. We want something because we saw it somewhere and someone own it. The desire of owning makes us addicted to have almost all the things we saw. Moreover, the desire becomes greater if the things we want is being consume by most of the people. Due to a tremendous consumption, it makes the things become as if it is our primary needs. For example is mobile phone. Back to the time when technology had not been as high as today, mobile phone was something that is common. The legal injury was expensive at that time but as the technology was being developed, mobile phone became mass-produced. Since that time, almost all the people own it. It becomes omnipresent and now becomes our needs. We can not live without it.We consume not simply because of the desire but excessively the seducer of experience as fountainhead as our own monster, which is our fear. Today, by consuming we lay out our identity. It is a visual sign that determines which society are you from. The sign could be seen from the things we bought and consumed. The most marked evident is brand. For example, Louis Vuitton. We acknowledge that it is an expensive brand whereby not all the people are able to afford it. By using the product of that brand, one tells the society where one belongs to indirectly. The monster creates a fear of other people judgments. Consumerism becomes sustainable by having this kind of mindset.The society in this situation creates a way of life where consuming is addictive so that people want to keep buying more and more. We know that consumerism needs to be control. Nevertheless, majority or the society choose to continue the way of life they live in.capital of capital of Singapore is one of attractive destination for travelers. Hence, they crusade themselves through Singapore Tourism Board that has a big impact on tourism. They promote the entertainments and luxury shopping centers. In this condition, media is the powerful medium to send the depicted object to all the people in the world. Hence, in grimace this entertaining city, consumerism could be seen considerably in public. Walking in the city area like Orchard, name of the brands are located all over the place. By taking a glimpse, consumer society could be satisfied in this area. Well-known brands are able to be found easily. This is not only applied to goods such as bags and clothes but also restaurants. Popular and expensive restaurant go away show their ident ity and pride.Consumerism in Singapore has been developed and designed by the governance either consciously or unconsciously, a very ordinary way of life. Life for Singaporeans is not complete without shopping. This state was declared by the Prime Minister, Goh Chok Tong in National Day Rally Speech (Straits Times, 18 August 2996). Shopping is their happiness and needs. This could be seen by many raw shopping centre which was built in the brave out few year. Therefore, the externalize of expression another commercial buildings are still going on. The government wants either their citizen or the visitor to spend their money in this country. The government directly dictates the citizen since they are young to consume so that consumerism assemble unconsciously. new(prenominal) than Singapore Tourism Board, they seduce consumer through media like magazine. Magazine is not only a seducer but also a rumination of the lifestyle they live on. The modish randomness about fashion o r dining place could get just by flipping a kind of a little of paper.2.2 Consumerism in Bar and RestaurantDo you have a desire to go to a original place to eat? Is it only to consume the food or to consume the experience? Definitely, human wants to try something new. Human is a creature with high curiosity. In this situation, where do we get the study that caused us to have an aim to try something? We live in the hi-technology era whereby people around the world are connected eventhough they are not in the same place. They are able to communicate and exchange information to the other. Internet is a big innovation, which was invented in our world. The consumer could get the information easily by this invention. Other than that, they could get the information from the magazine. In Singapore, there are a several magazine that will help you to tell what is the latest information of dining for example is booze and dine. The magazine is about chaw information about well-known food and drunkenness. It could seduce the consumer easily through the explanation and the pictures they show. It is one of the way how does consumerism reach consumer society.Business travelers, according to Singapore Tourism Board Data Statistics, have a demand as a target market in Singapore. The number of business travelers is keep going up even though there is a ecological niche happens in the world. They, obviously, has an adequate income more than just to survive. For businessmen, business partner are an important aspect in the business life. The way they associate is not only in a formal way but also in an informal way like having fun.The current trend, in the last few years, obturates and restaurants are increasingly spread. The demand of this aspect is development due to the interest of consumer. Bar and restaurant cracking alcoholic beverage that is popular in the society. Alcoholic beverage has a side event of dependance. It reduces the function of brain and makes the f eeling of good. Due to dysfunctional of brain, people will keep consuming, as they wanted the feeling to be there. This situation causes an addiction. Hence, addiction will end up by consumerism, subconsciously consume.2.3. Design in ConsumerismPreviously, we talked about consumerism in bar and restaurant by the edible. Despite of edible, is there any other thing that makes people keep consuming? As it is mentioned before, nowadays consumer is seduced not only by the edible or things they wish but also by the experience. Experience makes it different from one to the other place. It is a unique offered. Design makes it come true. Design is like a creation of God, which was nearly to perfect, human. Eventhough it is similar from the look, the experience will not be the same in one place to the other. Ron Swidler () on Wine and Dine Magazine said that one of the big trends in hotel and restaurant design right now is creating experience. It shows that what people are looking for is not just something tangible but also intangible. Intangible things could be buy with money. actual things like edible could be consumed only at that time, but the flick of intangible things last forever in consumers mind. The desire of consuming is more on emotional feeling. On the editors note area on Wine and Dine magazine, Leena Ng, the editor, states that one of the biggest experiences consumers desire is for access to the lifestyle they see reflected in the media and in their travels. In this circumstance, media has a big role to support consumerism. jolly pictures on the magazine attract consumer society to visit and consume what they offer on the media.How to create experience is by looking at the design. The originator creates the composition between each element to create a certain ambience that would make a tremendous impression to the consumer. Is creating ambience just by decorate the space? Creating ambience is supported by the building and the elements such as light, s ound and smell. It is true that visual presentation has quite a big impact for the consumer such as the concept and the theme. Nevertheless, intangible thing must not be forgot. The use of lighting normally enhances the design more.The concept of the bar and restaurant must have interconnectedness with the demand and the aim of the project. In this situation, urban nomad has been chosen as the suitable concept. Urban nomad is someone who is always on the go. Derived from the urban nomad journey, connectivity and energy are the keywords as the expression or urban nomad. The concept is evident on the journey that is created. A long journey to the lobby with a annoyer of how would the consumer experience in the space. Unconventional lobby is being introduced. Stairs are being used as a bridge that connect one space to the other space. Each space on this restaurant and bar are spread in the whole big space. It is the design intention that force people to move around the space and consu me the journey. On the journey, consumer are being seduced by the existence of indoor garden that is relaxing and offer a new experience inside the space. Overall, the space is created in order to create impression on consumers mind so that they are willing to experience and consume the space again on the other time.3. ConclusionConsumerism is not just a concept. It is now believe as a way of life where people consuming a great of amount of goods in quantities. Consuming could be separated from human. It is the nature of human being that has been developed since long time ago. Today, people consume to show their identity. The main reason of consuming is no longer exist. Consuming has become part of Singaporeans life whereby people in this country are encourage to shop by their prime minister. Therefore, consumerism becomes a habit and culture. The government is encouraging the consumerism. It is true that consuming could give back benefit to the country on the other hand what is the impact of it? If we look at the long-term side effect, this situation will destroy their own citizen because they will not be satisfied if they are not consuming.On the other perspective, consumerism is being boosted by design. A successful design is addictive to the consumer. They will keep advent back to experience it over and over again. In this situation, consumerism could be seen as a sign as a successful design. Design has an impact on consumerism. Something that is being designed has an their own attraction to draw peoples attention.In conclusion, there is no right or wrong about consumerism. It depends where are we going to put our perspective. Generally, consumerism needs to be stopped due to an overthrow between humans mind and their desire. Nevertheless, if we look from the design perspective, there is slide fastener wrong with consumerism. In fact, because of design, consumerism is being boost. It is our decision to control how far the consumerism need to be contr ol and use from other point of view so that it would not cause self-destructing for human being. It is now our decision to be shaped by the consumerism or we shaped our own lifestyle.http//usj.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/35/5-6/981List of referencesCross, Gary, 2000, all in all Consuming Century Why Commercialism Won In youthful America, Columbia University Press, New York.Lawson, Neal, 2009, All Consuming, Penguin Group, England.Miller, Geoffrey, 2009, Spent Sex, Evolution, and Consumer Behavior, Penguin Group, England.Miles,Stevens, 1998, Consumerism as a track of Life, SAGE Publication Ltd., London.

Machiavellian Advice from The Prince Essay -- Political Science

Niccolo Machiavelli was a middle-class and humanist-educated Florentine diplomat, philosopher, and writer who lived during the metempsychosis in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Although bestowed with the title of the military chaplain of modern political theory, Machiavelli has been, and continues to be widely misunderstood and misinterpreted (Kreis). The term Machiavellian, and it is in the dictionary, is defined as subtle or unscrupulous cunning, deception, expediency, or dishonesty (Dictionary). In acknowledgment of the enduring impact of Machiavelli on society, psychologists have set a distinct personality elan that is characterized by manipulativeness, cynicism about human nature, and shrewdness in interpersonal behavior, and named this syndrome after Machiavelli (48). Machiavellianism is described as a manipulative strategy of social interaction and personality style that uses other people as tools of personal gain (48). In this excerpt from The Prince, Machi avellis most recognized and popular discourse on morality and power, the author discusses and compares numerous aspects of the necessary attributes of a successful ruler. small-arm he debates the pros and cons of vice and virtue, Machiavelli presents a compelling case for the adroit drill of vice, in the event that princely virtues will threaten the sovereignty of authority. around of Machiavellis work, including the The Prince, was only formally published posthumously, and the assumption would be that his role in writing The Prince was not to inform the general public, most of who had neither reading skills, the access to books, or held positions of leadership and government. Machiavellis true role in writing The Prince was to gain the att... ...itics. That Machiavelli has become synonymous with treachery is ironic, for this see unmistakably and definitely confirms that throughout the history of civilization, those leaders who persevered and gained recognition as icons of power, character, and intellect were those who understood the balance of virtue and vice. Works CitedDictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 12 manifest 2012.Kirszner, Laurie G., and Mandell, Stephen R. Practical Argument. From The Prince. New York Bedford-St. Martins. 2011. Print Kreis, Steven. Niccolo Machiavelli. The History Guide. The History Guide. Web. 10 Mar. 2012.SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on The Prince. SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 6 Mar. 2012.48 Laws of Power and the Machiavellian Personality. Psychology and Mental wellness Forum. Psychology and Mental Health Forum. Web. Mar. 12 2012.

Biography of Toulouse Lautrec :: essays research papers

artisan Biography and Painting Critique     Henri-Marie-Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa, commonly known as Toulouse Lautrec, was born(p) on November 24th, 1864. He lived out the entirety of his life in France, and died on September 9th, 1901. Born into a family of noble but inbred blood, he had inherently frail bones, and after a series of horrendous accidents, was gamy for life. During his recovery from one such accident, he discovered his love and endowment for drawing and painting. He spent a considerable amount of season in Fernand Gormons studio, and met with Vincent Van van Gogh. He also visited many locations Van Gogh has worked at. They were both of the pre-impressionistic era. Lautrecs body of work often featured scenes from brothels. He was thoroughly respected for his art at the time of his death.     Lautrecs Papa Chrysantheme, painted in 1893, features three female figures on a brown, cardboard-like background. Two images of ladys in flowing, excogitate fitting dresses are viewed from behind in the foreground, in between which is a woman who appears to be in the center of a stage, on a pedestal. She is leaning backwards, her skirt flayed out behind her. The audience is a blackish-purple fill in surrounding the murky green pedestal, the three female bodies outlined in white, red, and yellow shaded slashes. All three are vague forms, with no faces or details. Dashy, erratic lines relieve oneself a sense of movement, a flurry of accomplishment which the female dancers are creating as the twirl eroticly in their dresses. Their flesh is the burnish of the background - speckled yellow-brown. This and purple are the main colors in the painting, the ones you notice first. The painting is entirely earthy, natural tones, very expressive of the flourish movement and erotic dancing Lautrec is trying to capture. The incomplete outlines of the body create a frenzied appearance, a fluid rather than

Mrs. Whipples Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porters He :: Katharine Anne Porter He Essays

Mrs. Whipples Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porters He The prevailing theme in Katherine Anne Porters fiction He is Mrs. Whipples concern everywhere appearances and particularly how her neighbors perceive her actions concerning her retarded parole. Many critics have written nigh Porters emphasis on appearances in this story. However, what lies under the surface of the story is in any case interesting. Contrary to both her actions and spoken words, it is clear Mrs. Whipple inwardly feels her retarded password is an animal and that she secretly wishes for his death. The story He is similar to another story of Katherine Anne Porters titled The Downward Path to Wisdom. Both stories depict children who be retarded, who are equated to animals by one or both of the parents, and who are wished dead or never born (Weisenforth 359). The title of the story He provides the reader with the starting time clue that the retarded son is de-humanized. Throughout the story the other devil of Mrs. Whipples children, Emly and Adna, are given names and are referred to by their given names. This is not true of the retarded son. Not once in the story is He called by his given name. In fact, the reader never learns his given name. The mischance to give the retarded son a name is similar to the elevate practice of giving names to pets further not to the ever-present resurrect animals. People generally do not name animals they plan on killing. Because Emly and Adna have names, they appear to the reader to be more human. In contrast, the adversity to name the retarded son makes him appear more animal-like or little than human. Another example of animal treatment takes place during family meals. The retarded son does not eat his meals at the table with his family. In a explanation of the retarded son, Porter writes He didnt whine for food, as the other children did, but waited until it was given Him He ate squatting in the corner, smacking and talk (597). When Mrs. Whipples brother comes for a visit, Porter writes He wouldnt come into the dining room, and Mrs. Whipple passed it send off very well (599). For appearances sake Mrs. Whipple loaded up a puffy plate for Him first, before everybody(Porter 599). The parallels to how people treat their dogs can not be overlooked. It is common practice for dog owners to train their dogs not to beg or whine for food.

A Normal School Day :: Free Essays

A practice School Day The cold air hit me in the wait as I opened the door, and with it a cold foggy creation unfolded. The air was cold and crisp, and their was a slight crunch as my move crushed the crystallised green structures on the cold sleeping stage as I made my way across the field towards the lonesome bus stop, trying to dodge the muddy, waterlogged pits that filled the field. As I reached the end of the field, I had top scramble down a mulct slimly path to my destination which was very slippery at this clip if year. The bus stop couldnt really be called a bus stop, it was unspoiled a post in the ground with a picture of a bus on it which had the rank of bus stop. We had to wait for minutes that felt the likes of hours, for a dirty cream and brown box with a transverse face, covered from wheel to roof in dust, the red mud just about the rims had dried from previous excursions, the remains of its unsuspecting muddy victims. The dir ty corruption portal of a door opened with a hiss as we all filled in to the rotting carcass on wheels. The transit only lasted 20 minutes, which is nothing if you have lived her all your life, after a while you begin to realise that its only the tourists who are willing to recognize your existence in the world, which is good in a way. But we neer had proper roads, when we pointed on a map and said thats it , thats where I live, they would shade at you strange as you pointed at one small A road running through mid-Devon. Even the map denied our existence, they only eer showed the one road that meant so much to us, our one link to the foreign world the city. The bus was warm in the cramped bus, which managed to raise our inspirit as the rain hit the ancient windowpanes, and watching the wind struggle with the trees, trying get its own way.

philosophy 101 :: essays research papers

A professor stood before his Philosophy 101 class and had some items in wait of him. When the class began, wordlessly, he picked up a very large and forsake mayonnaise rock and proceeded to fill it with golf balls. He then asked the students if the electrical shock was full? They agreed that it was.So the professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles, of course, rolled into the open areas amid the golf balls. He then asked the students again if the jar was full. They agreed it was.The professor picked up a box of mother wit and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up everything else. He then asked once more if the jar was full. The students responded with a hale - - yes.The professor then produced two cans of beer from under the table and proceeded to pour the broad(a) contents into the jar effectively filling the empty space amongst the sand. The students laughed."Now," said the profess or, as the laughter subsided, "I want you to recognize that this jar represents your conduct. The golf balls are the important things - - your family, your partner, your health, your children, your friends, your favorite passions - - things that if everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full.""The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house, your car. The sand is everything else - - the small stuff.""If you put the sand into the jar first," he continued, "there is no way for the pebbles or the golf balls. The same goes for your life. If you spend all your epoch and energy on the small stuff, you will never have room for the things that are important to you. Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. number with your children. Take time to get medical checkups. Take your partner aside dancing. Play another 18.

Kupor :: essays research papers

In Texas politics, one of the most important things to understand is the press out triangle. The iron triangle figuratively symbolizes the relationship between interest sort outs, the bureaucratism, and legislative committees. Each of the three entities is at a corner of the triangle. It is regarded as an correct representation of the way in which many routine policy decisions are made. The interest mathematical crowd is at the top, the bureaucracy is at the bottom left, and the legislative committee is at the bottom right. Starting at the interest group and going clockwise, the interest group provides the bureaucracy with teaching and funding for performance budget. The bureaucracy provides the legislative committee with information. The legislative committee provides the interest group with legislation. Going counter-clockwise, the interest group provides the legislative committee with press contributions and information. The legislative committee provides the bureaucrac y with legislation and budget support. The bureaucracy provides the interest group with rules and regulations. An example is the interest group being from the oil and gas industry, the bureaucracy is the railroad commission, and any committee. The lobbyists from the oil and gas industry send campaign contributions and information to the committee. Information could be about anything from supply and demand to employee turnover rates. The committee sends legislation and budget support to the commission, which are money and rules on how to regulate the oil and gas industry. The rules and regulations are then sent up to the interest group from the industry. The other way, the industry lobbyists send information and support to the commission, which sends the information to the committee, which then sends legislation to the industry. The process of co-optation is closely think to this iron triangle. Co-optation is defined as the transition from guardian of the prevalent interest to def enders of private interests. This happens for three reasons. First, once a regulatory authorisation is established, the universe tends to lose interest. Second, the regulators tend to stupefy from the industry being regulated, manner of speaking with them the industrys perspective and bias as opposed to the familiar interest. Third, regulators have personal relationships with representatives from the industry who are generous to members of the agency. Basically, the regulatory agencies come to represent the interest of the industry they were created to control as opposed to the public interest. The part of the iron triangle where this occurs is where the interest group sends the agency information and support.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Teachers Education Learning Essays

Philosophy of Education It has taken me many old age to go under on what profession that I compulsion to pursue. I enlisted for four years in the Air Force and enjoyed this very much, but the time apart from my family was too much. After getting out of the Air Force, I clear-cut I indigenceed to go into the financial arena and started selling policy for New York Life Insurance Company. I did not have the reputation to sell life insurance for this involved being sincerely pushy. later I found what I thought was the perfect job, assistant director at a credit union. I still was not happy. eyepatch all these career changes were going on, I was coaching a nine soccer team consisting of high school boys. This gave me the vision of what I really wanted to do, become a teacher.The biggest reason why I want to become a teacher is that a teacher has the expertness to solve and shape the future Albert Einstein, Bill Gates, or just the average Joe pour down the street. We all can remember that one teacher who shaped or changed our lives as we progressed through our schooling and what better way to honor them than by trying the accomplish the same things they did for us. This is a very powerful ability to get and while your influential you must not let your prejudices arbitrate with the rounding of the student.What essential qualities bequeath I get to possess to be an effective high school teacher? I volition need to have patience as I already see how important this is with my own daughter. Intelligence is important in your area of expertise because students will be able to tell if you know what you are teaching. Honesty with students because this will build organized religion among the students and yourself. Sharing life experiences with your students is important because this as well builds trust among yourself and the students. being well organized is another quality that must possess and at this time I need work in this area. pity is an import ant quality because sometimes we forget that our students are human and has ideas and opinions of their own. Being fun and interesting builds wonderful memories and helps the students learn.My goals as a teacher take on the things above, but also many more. First and foremost I want to receive my masters degree, but while doing this I also want to be teaching in a high school.

What is Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation Essays -- Biology E

What is quiet and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation Sleep is one of the things that most students can say they do not brook copious of. It is a time for us to rest and for a few blissful hours hope amplyy forget about the stress and worries of school and life. Unfortunately, callable to too much work or too much perusing to do, often enough, we do not get the amount we fill severally night to be fully rested the next day. But we capture learned to cope with the slumber deprivation by drinking burnt umber in the morning to wake us up. Even though we atomic number 18 awake, how well can we function throughout the day when we have scarce had less than five hours of sleep? How much does our behavior diversify without enough sleep? Before we get to what the effects of sleep deprivation are, let us first look at what sleep is. Sleep is controlled by neurotransmitters, which act on different neurons in the brain. Some of these neurotransmitters produced, such as serotonin and no rephinephrine keep the brain active while we are awake. Researchers destine that adenosine builds up in our blood while we are awake and the bit-by-bit breakdown of it causes drowsiness. There are five stages of sleep stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and rapid eye movement sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. During stage 1-4 of sleep, our brain waves give way slower and slower until we switch to REM sleep. At that point, our breathing is much rapid and irregular and our eyes move rapidly under our eyelids. (1). circadian sleep measure is the internal body clock that is controlled by the hypothalamus. every twenty-four to twenty-five hours, the cycle repeats itself, which can be effected by light exposure. It is thought that light will reset the clock of your body. The low-point of the rhythm is in the morning, which is thought to help you stay... ...ent because without it, how can you study, do well on an exam or participate in discussions? The only effect of sleep deprivation that you can s lightly counteract is drowsiness, which can be decreased by drinking coffee or anything that may have caffeine. Napping in the afternoon can help reduce some of the effects, but it is break away to keep those naps short or else, you may end up more than tired and groggy than before. So, without enough sleep our behavior will change making us worse students. Therefore, we can conclude that we all need more sleep WWW Sources1)http//www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/understanding_sleep_brain_basic_.htm,2)http//www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic444.htm, 3)http//www.nature.com/cgi taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v403/n6770/full/403655a0_fs.html, 4)http//www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/hu/groups/sleep/wellcome.htm,